• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.3-8
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• 2006

This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the nutrient contributions of the five meal components of school lunch menus planned for elementary students in two school districts (District A and B) in the Midwestern state of the United States. The 4-week cycle menu was planned for two time periods (Period 1 and Period 2) following guidelines for NuMenus and general menu planning principles. Menu components of planned and served menus for two time periods were analyzed using $Nutri-Kids^{TM}$. No significant differences in the nutrient content of between Periods 1 and 2 were found for District A. District B served significantly more vitamin A and total fat in Period 1 and significantly more calories, iron, vitamin A, protein, and total fat in Period 2 than was planned. The major nutrients provided by the entree component included protein, calories, cholesterol, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium. Milk was an important source of calcium and provided approximately one-third of the total protein and vitamin A in the meal. The vegetable/fruit component was the major source of vitamins A and C. The grain/bread component provided approximately 20% of the carbohydrates among five meal components. The miscellaneous component affected the sodium and fat content of the menus. Menu planners can use the results of this study to enhance their knowledge of the nutrient contributions of each meal component and as inputs for planning menus that meet children's nutritional requirements.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.361-371
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was performed to set easily applicable portion sizes by sex and age for children at the Community Child Centers (CCC) in Korea. Methods: Considering the age and gender specific energy level at Target Patterns for children aged 6-18 years, which were suggested as a part of the 2010 Korean Food Guidance System (KFGS), we set three meal sizes. We reclassified the recommended daily servings of Grains, Meat fish eggs beans and Vegetables group at Target Patterns into three meal sizes, and then calculated the recommended serving per meal. Each proposed amount of food per meal was calculated based on serving size of foods commonly eaten at KFGS, which was then allocated to five meal components; rice, soup stew, protein and vegetable side-dishes and Kimchi. Each proposed amount of food per meal was applied to 173 menus' recipes from CANpro 3.0 as main ingredient's amounts. We cooked the 173 menus at the medium size and measured their weights after cooking. Results: Each recommended serving per meal was 0.75, 0.9 and 1.2 for Grains; 1.2, 1.6 and 2.4 for Meat fish eggs beans; 2, 2.4 and 2.8 for Vegetables by meal sizes. Among five meal components, the ratio of small and large to medium size was 1/5 less and 1/3 more for rice and 1/3 less and 1/3 more for soup stew, protein side-dish and Kimchi, respectively. We suggested the same amount for a vegetable side-dish to encourage vegetable intake. Proper portion sizes per meal of medium were rice 190 g, soup stew 210 g (solid ingredients 60 g), protein side-dish 100 g (meat eggs beans) and 70 g (fish), vegetable side-dish 80g and Kimchi 30 g. Conclusions: Proper portion size per meal suggested in this study may be useful at the CCC where dietitians are not available and the approach could be applicable to the other types of meal services.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.201-214
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• 2020

This study was a qualitative investigation into hemodialysis patients' dietary practices. The purpose of this study was to explore the obstacles and requirements to maintain a recommended diet therapy in hemodialysis patients. Five patients undergoing hemodialysis in the renal chamber of the general hospital were interviewed individually. The interviews were based on an interview guide and analyzed by Giorgi's method of analysis. As a result of this study, five elemental factors and 12 subelemental factors were derived. Derived elements were "difficulty in dietary guidelines", "recognizing necessity of diet therapy", "awareness of importance of diet", "difficulty practicing diet therapy", and "looking for ways to practice diet therapy". Patients not only felt difficulties in practicing dietary guidelines but also recognized the need and importance of diet therapy. Patients seemed to have difficulty practicing meal therapy and eating with their families or others. They were also stressed by the limited selection of dietary components and rapid dietary changes before and after dialysis. However, patients showed a willingness to implement dietary management to improve their quality of life and to practice dietary therapy. In order to improve the practice of dietary management in hemodialysis patients, nutritional education should be focused on long-term dietary habits through continuous education and monitoring, not just one-off education. Moreover, patients should be educated that adherence to dietary control may be less burdensome on their families.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.267-277
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• 2000

These studies were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplemental lincomycin at different food waste supplements on performance and blood components of broiler chicks. Diets were based corn, soybean meal and contained 3,100㎉/kg ME, 21% CP for the rest two weeks. Three levels of dietary lincomycin(LM ; 0, 2.2, 4.4 mg/kg) and food waste(FW : 0, 7.5, 15%) were added for both experiments. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio(FCR) were measured for five weeks. Blood components, liver weight and abdominal fat ratio to body weight were examined at the end of experiment. Metabolizable energy of food waste used in formulating diet prior to feeding trials were measured 2,504(Expt 1) and 2,734㎉/kg(Expt 2), respectively. In Expt 1, weight gain of birds fed 4.4mg/kg LM was significantly higher than that of no LM treatment(P〈0.05). It also tended to increase in 7.5% food waste treatment compared to that of control but was not significantly different. FCR of chicks fed 2.2mg/kg LM supplement was significantly improved compared to that of other treatments. However, chicks fed food waste supplements had higher FCR than control as a dietary FW level increased(P〈0.05). There were no significance in blood components of all treatments. Liver to body weight ratio of birds fed 7.5% FW supplements decreased significantly(P〈0.05), but was no consistency in LM treatments. In Expt 2, weight gain of chicks fed 15% FW was not significantly different from the control and 7.5% FW. It tended to increase as dietary supplemental LM increased. It also increased in no LM treatment with 15% FW compared to that of control. However, the birds fed 2.2mg/kg LM with 15% FW exhibited higher weight gain than dther treatments. As FW supplement increased, the feed intake increased significantly(P〈0.05). There were no significance in blood components except serum calcium. Weights of liver were not affected by dietary FW or LM. The results of these experiments indicated that chicks fed 4.4mg/kg LM supplements maximized growth rate of all treatments and improved FCR in 2.2mg/kg LM.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplemental lincomycin at different food waste supplements on performance of broiler chicks. Diets were based corn, soybean meal and contained 3,078, 3,089 ㎉/kg ME, 21% CP for the first three weeks and 3,116 ㎉/kg and 19% CP for the rest two weeks. Three levels of lincomycin(LM; 0, 2.2, 4.4mg/kg) and food waste (FW;0, 5, 10%) were differently used for both experiments. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio were weekly measured for five weeks. Blood components, liver and abdominal fat were sampled at the end of experiments. In experiment, 1 weight gain of birds fed 4.4mg/kg LM was significantly higher than that of no LM treatments (p<0.05). It was tended to decrease in 10% food waste treatment compared to that of control but was not significantly different. FCR of chocks fed LM supplement tended to improve as dietary LM level increased. It was not superior in 10% food waste treatment to that of control, but tended to improve compared to that of other treatments. Weight gain and FCR of birds fed 2.2mg/kg LM without food waste tended to improve compared to those of other treatments, but were not significantly different. Liver to body weight ratio birds fed LM supplements regardless of FW decreased significantly compared to that of control (p<0.05), but was not consistency in FW treatments. There was no significance in blood components except blood protein. In experiment 2, weight gain of chicks fed no FW showed quadratic, but increased as dietary supplemental LM increased. Birds fed 5% FW was not superior weight gain to that of other FW treatments. It also decreased in no LM treatment with 10% FW compared to that of control. However, the birds fed 4.4 mg/kg LM with 10% FW exhibited significantly higher weight gain the trend of weight gain. It tended to increase up to 10% FW combined with 4.4 mg/kg LM, but was not significantly different. Liver to body weight ratio of chicks fed LM was significantly decreased more than the control(p<0.05).The results of these experiments indicated that chicks fed 10% FW with 4.4 mg/kg LM supplements maximized growth rate of all treatments, but was not improve FCR in both experiments.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 1985

가금에서의 영양소리용성에 미치는 볏짚구성분의 영향을 고찰하기 위하여 증류수 혹은 0.25N NaClO$_2$ 800$m\ell$당 볏짚 100g의 비율로 침지하여 135$^{\circ}C$ 3.2kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ 압력밑에서 각각 30, 60 및 120분 autoclave를 이용하여 가열하고 세척 건조(증류수 혹은 NaClO$_2$-30, 60 및 120-볏짚) NDF, ADF 및 리그닌량을 조사하였다. 갓부화한 단관백색 레그흔 숫병아리에 10일간 시판 병아리 사료를 급여하고 계속해서 8일간 밀기울(기초), 섬유소(선분), 무처리볏짚, 증류수-30-볏짚 및 NaClO$_2$-30-볏짚이 각각 17.0% 함유된 실험사료를 급여했다. 증류수-30, 60 및 120-볏짚의 건물손실율은 각각 9.7, 12.1 및 13.3%였으나, NaClO$_2$-30, 60 및 120-볏짚에서는 각각 8.8, 18.7 및 19.4%로, NaClO$_2$-60 및 120-볏짚에서는 증류수볏짚의 1.5배가 되었다. 증류수 및 NaClO$_2$ 볏짚의 건물손실은 주로 무처리볏짚의 세포내용물과 헤미셀루로스의 용출에 기인하는 것이었다. 증류수-30-볏짚을 급여한 병아리는 무처리 혹은 NaClO$_2$-30-볏짚을 급여한것에 비해서 증체량이 높고 사료요구량이 낮았다. 질소밸런스 및 축적율은 증류수-30-볏짚을 급여한것에서 무처리 및 NaClO$_2$-30-볏짚을 급여한것에 비해서 높았고, 조지방소화율은 높아지는 경향이 있었다. 무처리, 증류수-30 및 NaClO$_2$-30-볏짚을 급여한 병아리의 MEn/GE는 각각 71.9, 72.9 및 70.4%였으며, 대사체중(kg 0.75)당 MEn섭취량은 각각 307.3, 296.2 및 291.4 KCal가 되었다. 이때 kg 0.75당 1일 단백질축적량은 각각 1.647, 1.969 및 1.560g이었다. 한편 증류수-30-볏짚을 급여한 병아리의 단백질 1g 축적에 상당하는 MEn는 30.56Kcal로써 무처리 및 NaClO$_2$-30-볏짚을 급여한것의 36.90 및 37.58Kcal보다 낮았다. 따라서 무처리볏짚에는 에너지 이용성 혹은 단백질축적에 영향을 미치는 물질 혹은 성질이 존재하며, 이것은 볏짚을 끓임으로써 제거된다는 것을 시모고 있다.