• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 2006

This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the nutrient contributions of the five meal components of school lunch menus planned for elementary students in two school districts (District A and B) in the Midwestern state of the United States. The 4-week cycle menu was planned for two time periods (Period 1 and Period 2) following guidelines for NuMenus and general menu planning principles. Menu components of planned and served menus for two time periods were analyzed using $Nutri-Kids^{TM}$. No significant differences in the nutrient content of between Periods 1 and 2 were found for District A. District B served significantly more vitamin A and total fat in Period 1 and significantly more calories, iron, vitamin A, protein, and total fat in Period 2 than was planned. The major nutrients provided by the entree component included protein, calories, cholesterol, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium. Milk was an important source of calcium and provided approximately one-third of the total protein and vitamin A in the meal. The vegetable/fruit component was the major source of vitamins A and C. The grain/bread component provided approximately 20% of the carbohydrates among five meal components. The miscellaneous component affected the sodium and fat content of the menus. Menu planners can use the results of this study to enhance their knowledge of the nutrient contributions of each meal component and as inputs for planning menus that meet children's nutritional requirements.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.361-371
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was performed to set easily applicable portion sizes by sex and age for children at the Community Child Centers (CCC) in Korea. Methods: Considering the age and gender specific energy level at Target Patterns for children aged 6-18 years, which were suggested as a part of the 2010 Korean Food Guidance System (KFGS), we set three meal sizes. We reclassified the recommended daily servings of Grains, Meat fish eggs beans and Vegetables group at Target Patterns into three meal sizes, and then calculated the recommended serving per meal. Each proposed amount of food per meal was calculated based on serving size of foods commonly eaten at KFGS, which was then allocated to five meal components; rice, soup stew, protein and vegetable side-dishes and Kimchi. Each proposed amount of food per meal was applied to 173 menus' recipes from CANpro 3.0 as main ingredient's amounts. We cooked the 173 menus at the medium size and measured their weights after cooking. Results: Each recommended serving per meal was 0.75, 0.9 and 1.2 for Grains; 1.2, 1.6 and 2.4 for Meat fish eggs beans; 2, 2.4 and 2.8 for Vegetables by meal sizes. Among five meal components, the ratio of small and large to medium size was 1/5 less and 1/3 more for rice and 1/3 less and 1/3 more for soup stew, protein side-dish and Kimchi, respectively. We suggested the same amount for a vegetable side-dish to encourage vegetable intake. Proper portion sizes per meal of medium were rice 190 g, soup stew 210 g (solid ingredients 60 g), protein side-dish 100 g (meat eggs beans) and 70 g (fish), vegetable side-dish 80g and Kimchi 30 g. Conclusions: Proper portion size per meal suggested in this study may be useful at the CCC where dietitians are not available and the approach could be applicable to the other types of meal services.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.201-214
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• 2020

This study was a qualitative investigation into hemodialysis patients' dietary practices. The purpose of this study was to explore the obstacles and requirements to maintain a recommended diet therapy in hemodialysis patients. Five patients undergoing hemodialysis in the renal chamber of the general hospital were interviewed individually. The interviews were based on an interview guide and analyzed by Giorgi's method of analysis. As a result of this study, five elemental factors and 12 subelemental factors were derived. Derived elements were "difficulty in dietary guidelines", "recognizing necessity of diet therapy", "awareness of importance of diet", "difficulty practicing diet therapy", and "looking for ways to practice diet therapy". Patients not only felt difficulties in practicing dietary guidelines but also recognized the need and importance of diet therapy. Patients seemed to have difficulty practicing meal therapy and eating with their families or others. They were also stressed by the limited selection of dietary components and rapid dietary changes before and after dialysis. However, patients showed a willingness to implement dietary management to improve their quality of life and to practice dietary therapy. In order to improve the practice of dietary management in hemodialysis patients, nutritional education should be focused on long-term dietary habits through continuous education and monitoring, not just one-off education. Moreover, patients should be educated that adherence to dietary control may be less burdensome on their families.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.267-277
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• 2000

These studies were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplemental lincomycin at different food waste supplements on performance and blood components of broiler chicks. Diets were based corn, soybean meal and contained 3,100㎉/kg ME, 21% CP for the rest two weeks. Three levels of dietary lincomycin(LM ; 0, 2.2, 4.4 mg/kg) and food waste(FW : 0, 7.5, 15%) were added for both experiments. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio(FCR) were measured for five weeks. Blood components, liver weight and abdominal fat ratio to body weight were examined at the end of experiment. Metabolizable energy of food waste used in formulating diet prior to feeding trials were measured 2,504(Expt 1) and 2,734㎉/kg(Expt 2), respectively. In Expt 1, weight gain of birds fed 4.4mg/kg LM was significantly higher than that of no LM treatment(P〈0.05). It also tended to increase in 7.5% food waste treatment compared to that of control but was not significantly different. FCR of chicks fed 2.2mg/kg LM supplement was significantly improved compared to that of other treatments. However, chicks fed food waste supplements had higher FCR than control as a dietary FW level increased(P〈0.05). There were no significance in blood components of all treatments. Liver to body weight ratio of birds fed 7.5% FW supplements decreased significantly(P〈0.05), but was no consistency in LM treatments. In Expt 2, weight gain of chicks fed 15% FW was not significantly different from the control and 7.5% FW. It tended to increase as dietary supplemental LM increased. It also increased in no LM treatment with 15% FW compared to that of control. However, the birds fed 2.2mg/kg LM with 15% FW exhibited higher weight gain than dther treatments. As FW supplement increased, the feed intake increased significantly(P〈0.05). There were no significance in blood components except serum calcium. Weights of liver were not affected by dietary FW or LM. The results of these experiments indicated that chicks fed 4.4mg/kg LM supplements maximized growth rate of all treatments and improved FCR in 2.2mg/kg LM.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplemental lincomycin at different food waste supplements on performance of broiler chicks. Diets were based corn, soybean meal and contained 3,078, 3,089 ㎉/kg ME, 21% CP for the first three weeks and 3,116 ㎉/kg and 19% CP for the rest two weeks. Three levels of lincomycin(LM; 0, 2.2, 4.4mg/kg) and food waste (FW;0, 5, 10%) were differently used for both experiments. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio were weekly measured for five weeks. Blood components, liver and abdominal fat were sampled at the end of experiments. In experiment, 1 weight gain of birds fed 4.4mg/kg LM was significantly higher than that of no LM treatments (p<0.05). It was tended to decrease in 10% food waste treatment compared to that of control but was not significantly different. FCR of chocks fed LM supplement tended to improve as dietary LM level increased. It was not superior in 10% food waste treatment to that of control, but tended to improve compared to that of other treatments. Weight gain and FCR of birds fed 2.2mg/kg LM without food waste tended to improve compared to those of other treatments, but were not significantly different. Liver to body weight ratio birds fed LM supplements regardless of FW decreased significantly compared to that of control (p<0.05), but was not consistency in FW treatments. There was no significance in blood components except blood protein. In experiment 2, weight gain of chicks fed no FW showed quadratic, but increased as dietary supplemental LM increased. Birds fed 5% FW was not superior weight gain to that of other FW treatments. It also decreased in no LM treatment with 10% FW compared to that of control. However, the birds fed 4.4 mg/kg LM with 10% FW exhibited significantly higher weight gain the trend of weight gain. It tended to increase up to 10% FW combined with 4.4 mg/kg LM, but was not significantly different. Liver to body weight ratio of chicks fed LM was significantly decreased more than the control(p<0.05).The results of these experiments indicated that chicks fed 10% FW with 4.4 mg/kg LM supplements maximized growth rate of all treatments, but was not improve FCR in both experiments.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 1985

In order to observe an effect of the components of rice straw on the utilization of nutrient in chicks, the rice straw of 100g were digested in 800$m\ell$ of distilled water or 0.25N NaClO$_2$ at 135 C and in the pressure of 3.2kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ by autoclave during 30, 60 and 120 minutes (water or NaClO$_2$-30, 60 and 120- RS). The contents of neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin were analysed in the washed and dried rice straw meal. Hatched single comb white Leghorn male chicks were fed with a commercial chick mash for the first 10 days and five kinds of experimetal diets for the next 8 days which contained 17.0% of wheat bran (basal), cellulose(cotton meal), nontreated RS, water-30-RS and NaClO$_2$ 30-RS, respectively. The water-30, 60 and 120-RS baa leased 9.7, 12.1 and 13.3% of dry matter, respectively, while NaClO$_2$-30-RS had similar contents of dry matter loss with those of water-30-RS, and NaClO$_2$-60 and 120-RS had tossed 1.5 times of dry matter comparing with those of water-60 and 120-RS, respectively. And the dry matter loss of the water-RS or NaClO$_2$-RS was mainly originated front the extractable cell contents and hemicellulose of the non-treated RS. Birds fed water-30-RS diets had higher body weight gain and lower feed conversion than those of birds fed non-treated and NaClO$_2$-30-RS diets during 8 days of experimental feeding. Also nitrogen balance and retention rate of birds fed water -30-RS was higher comparing with those of birds non-treated and NaClO$_2$-30-RS. And digestibility of crude fat had been shown a highering trend in birds water-30-RS. The rate of metabolizable energy (MEn) to gross energy (GE) of birds fed non-treated RS, water-30-RS and NaClO$_2$30-RS diets were 71.9, 72.9 and 70.4%, respectively, and energy intake per metaboic body size (kg 0.75) were reached to 307.3, 296.2 and 291.4 kcal per day, respectively. And daily protein retention per kg 0.75 were 1.647, 1.969 and 1.560g, respectively. Then 30.56kcal of MEn required for 1 g of protein retention in birds fed water-30-RS, which was lower thu 36.90 and 37.56 kcal of birds fed non-treated and NaClO$_2$-30- RS, respectively. The results seems to indicate that non-treated rice straw had a substance or characters which affect the energy unilization or protein retention of diets and which will be eliminated by boiling in water.