• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 1985

The extraction rate of lipids from the chopped whole fish was studied with various solvents. Factors which can influence on the extraction rate such as temperature, moisture content, agitation speed and solvent were also examined. In the early stage of extraction, it is considered that the rapid extraction was attributed to cell destruction which occurs in chopping the whole fish and in the later stage, the extraction rate was increased linearly with extraction time. The effect of agitation on the extraction rate had a great influence on the early stage of extraction. In agitation speed of 100, 200, 300 and 500 r.p.m. the slopes of extraction curve were -0.075, -0.075, -0.069 and -0.064, respectively. Extractability between hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvent showed a great difference. It is suggested that extractability difference between acetone and isopropyl alcohol is due to acetone property which can not extract phospholipids in polar lipids. Extractability of lipids was increased with increasing temperature and decreased with increasing moisture content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.843-847
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• 2004

In order to understand the effects of different oils on the production performances and polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol level in the yolk. 160 Hexices hens at 42 wks were divided into four groups randomly. Each group fed with control diet (CG), control diet+5% fish oil (FG), control diet+5% palm oil (PG) and control diet+5% soybean oil (SG), respectively. After three weeks' experiment, the results showed that: different oils showed no significant effect on feed/egg weight, egg white weight, body weight, C16, C18:3 n-6 and C20:4 n-6 contents in the yolk (p>0.05). But the egg mass of PG was higher than SG (p<0.05), the average egg weight of CG was lower than FG (p<0.05), and the of PG was lower than FG (p<0.05), during the experiment, FG gained more than SG (p<0.05), the cholesterol level in yolk of FG was lower than PG and CG (p<0.01), meanwhile the C20:5 n-3 content of FG was higher than CG and SG (p<0.01), and no C20:5 n-3 was detected in PF, as far as C22:6 n-3 in the yolk was concerned, FG was higher than PG (p<0.01), the C18:1 n-9 content of SG was lower than PG (p<0.05), the C18:2 n-6 content of SG was the highest than other three groups (p<0.01), and CG was the lowest, showed significant to FG (p<0.05), the C18:3 n-3 content of FG was higher than SG and PG (p<0.05), and the C20:1 n-9 content of FG was higher than other groups (p<0.01). The results demonstrated that fish oil could decrease the cholesterol and increase the n-3 fatty acids content in the yolk, and increase the n-3/n-6 level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.1035-1040
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of fat sources on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, serum traits and intestinal morphology in weaning pigs. A total of 128 weaning pigs (Landrace${\times}$Large White${\times}$Duroc, $21{\pm}2$ days of age, $5.82{\pm}0.13kg$ of average initial body weight) were allotted in a randomized complete block (RCB) design with four treatments: 1) corn oil, 2) soybean oil, 3) tallow and 4) fish oil. Each treatment had 8 replicates with 4 pigs per pen. During phase I period (d 0 to 14), pigs fed corn oil or soybean oil diet tended to show higher ADG and FCR than any other treatments although there was no significant difference. During phase II period (d 15 to 28), pigs fed corn oil diet showed better ADG and ADFI than pigs fed soybean oil, tallow or fish oil. For overall period, growth performance of weaning pigs was improved (p<0.05) when pigs were fed soybean oil or corn oil. Apparent digestibility of energy and fat was improved when pigs were fed corn oil diet (p<0.05). Supplementation of corn oil resulted in higher serum triglyceride concentration than the other treatments (p<0.05). However, there was a lower cholesterol concentration when corn oil was provided compared to tallow or fish oil. Pigs fed corn oil tended to have increased villus height compared with soybean oil, tallow or fish oil treatment (p<0.05). This experiment suggested that vegetable oils such as corn oil or soybean oil, were much better fat source for improving growth performance of weaning pigs.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.15-24
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• 1996

Essentiality was proposed in the field of lipid by Burr and Burr in 1929. When rats were raised on the fat-free diet, their growth retarded and their skin and tails showed the characteristic deficient symptoms, which were relieved by the addition of ${\omega}6(n-6)$ polyunsaturated fatty acids as linoleic(LA) and arachidonic(AA) acids to the basal diet. LA is dehydrogenated to ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid(GLNA) by ${\Delta}6$ desaturase, then GLNA is 2 carbon chain elongated by elongase to $dihomo-{\gamma}-linolenic$ acid(DGLNA), which is desaturated by ${\Delta}5$ desaturase to AA. These acids are called LA family or ${\omega}6(n-6)$ polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA). ${\alpha}-Linolenic$ acid(ALNA) is converted through the series of desaturation and elongation steps to docosahexaenic acid(DHA) via eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA). These acids belong to ALNA family or ${\omega}3(n-3)$PUFA. Human who consume large amounts of EPA and DHA, which are present in fatty fish and fish oils, have increased levels of these two fatty acids in their plasma and tissue lipids at the expense of LA and AA. Alternately, vegetarians, whose intake of LA in high, have more elevated levels of LA and AA and lower levels of EPA and DHA in plasma lipids and in cell membranes than omnivores. AA and EPA are metabolized to substances called eicosanoids. Those derived form AA are known as prostanocids(prostaglandins and prostacyclins) of the 2-types and leukotrienes of the 4-series, whereas those derived from EPA are known as prostanoids of the 3-types and leukotrienes of the 5-series. DGLNA is a precursor of the 1-types of prostaglandins. The metabolites of AA and EPA have competitive functions. Ingestion of EPA from fish or fish oil replaces AA from membrane phospholipids in practically all cells. So this leads to a more physiological state characterized by the production of proatanoids and leukotrienes that have antithrombic, antichemotactic, antivasoconstrictive and antiinflammatory properties. It is evident that ${\omega}3$ fatty acids can affect a number of chronic diseases through eicosanoids alone.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.217-236
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• 1999

Among polyunsaturated fatty acids (PURAs) targeted for manipulation in animal tissues (poultry eggs and meat), omega-3 PUFAs(n-3 PUFAs) are discussed in this review. 3 or 5% dietary menhaden oil (MO) supplemented layer diets was reported to increase docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents in the egg. MO at 1.5% also increased the deposition of up to 180mg total omega-3 fatty acids / yolk. Utilization of 5% ground flax seed (FS) resulted in similar total omega-3 fatty acid (FA) deposition as 1.5% MO. However, the basic feed formulations used in the Canadian feed industry usually include 10 to 20% FS in the egg laying diets. Recently several studies reported that addition of tocopherols in layer diets increased the tocopherol content more in the egg than any other tissue. One of reports said that 3.5% dietary oil with added tocopherols resulted in increasing tocopherol deposition and FA composition of the egg and other tissues. In the poultry meat, redfish meal (RM;4, 8, 12, 15 and 30% of diet) or redfish oil (RO;2.1 or 4.2% of diet) added to the practical corn-wheat-soybean based diets resulted in an increase in omega-3 FA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) contents in broiler meat lipids. Linseed oil (LO;1.0, 2.5, and 5.0% of broiler diet) supplemented in broiler diets also resulted in omega-3 FA and the ratio of omega-6 being significantly higher in poultry meat lipid than MO. Concern about fish flavor resulted in research about fish oil (FO) supplementation in broiler diets. Without the use of antioxidants, no more than 1.5% FO should be fed to broilers due to unacceptable orders from the chicken carcasses. One recent research project found that over 50mg/kg of vitamin E was required for maintaining the stability of unsaturated lipids in the meat. In regards to 'fishy'or 'crabby'taint in the eggs and poultry meat, poultry products remained acceptable when dietary fish oils were stabilized with antioxidants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.87-96
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• 1981

이 연구에서 얻어진 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 계층별 영양섭취실태에서는 지주층이 가장 양호하였는데 비해 농업노동자 및 소작농층은 대부분의 영양소가 권장량에 미달하였으며, 특히 칼슘은 모든계층에서 결핍되고 있었다. 이외에도 열량과 단백질, Vitamin A 등이 지주 및 부농을 제외한 계층들에게 각각 부족을 나타냈으며, 이는 특히 열량 및 단백질의 질적구성에서도 더욱 현저하였다. 2) 식품소비를 가장 많이하는 계층도 지주층이었고, 그 다음이 부농, 중농층이었는데 비해 가장 적은 소비를 보인 계층은 농업노동자층이었다. 식품군별로 보면 지주층은 채소류, 어패류등에서 그리고 부농층은 유제품, 유지류등에서, 또한 과일류, 육류, 계란류등에서는 이들 두 계층의 소비가 가장 컸는데 비해, 중소농층은 채소료, 해조류등에서 평균 이상의 소비를 하였다. 지난 10년간 소비가 급증된 식품은 부농층은 청량 음료등을 지주층은 어패류등을 들었는데 비해, 나머지 계층들은 쌀밥등을 가장 많이 들었다. 이러한 식품소비의 변화에 대한 이류로는 지주층은 도시적 생활양식의 침투를 부농 중농 소작농층은 소비성향의 변화를 그리고 무의식적 추종을 든 계층은 주로 농업노동자층과 소농층이었다. 3) 사회경제적 지표와 영양섭취층과의 관계에서는 열량과는 학력이, 또한 단백질은 토지소유면적과 농가소득이, 그리고 칼슘은 부채 및 농업소득와의 상관이 깊었다. 특히 농가소득과 단백질섭취량간의 계층별 상관 및 희귀관계를 보면 지주, 소작, 중농의 순으로 상관이 컸으며, 희귀분석에서는 전체적으로 1인당 연간 소득이 10만원 증가됨에 따라 단백질 섭취량이 약 4g증가 됨을 보여주었다(y=56.96+0.04x). 4) 사회경제적 지표와 식품군별 소비지출과의 상관 관계를 보면 학력과 가장 상관이 깊은 식품은 육류, 유지류등의 그너대적 식품이었고, 토지소유 면적과는 곡류 및 어패류등에서 그러하였다. Engel 계수와 곡류는 정의 상관이, 그리고 어패류, 육류는 높은 부의 상관을 보였고, 또한 어패류와 육류는 소득과도 높은 정의 상관을 보였다. 5) 마지막으로 계층간 식품소비 및 영양섭취의 불균등 정도는 동물성 단백질을 제외하고는 소득이나 토지 소유면적등 사회경제적 지표간의 격차보다 훨씬 낮은 수준에 있었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.1-25
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• 1999

Concerns about meat quality, including chicken meat, for the human diet has led to many attempts to manipulate the carcass fat and increase the eating quality. For actual eating quality, the birds must be grown and finished in a manner that results in meat that are tender, succulent and of good flavor, as well as being free from any foreign taint, flavor or safety hazard. Tenderization treatment with high voltage(820V) electrical stimulation and prechill muscle tensioning would improve the tenderness of chicken meat. Proper programs for the withdrawal of feed and water require a team approach for maximizing yield of meat and minimizing carcass contamination. Also effding of supplemental levels of-tocopherol to poultry with vegetable or fish oils increases of desirable polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) content and stablizes the meat against rancidity and fish off-flavors. The nutritional effects of varying dietary ingredients on broiler carcass fat content are also important. Increasing the levels of energy in the ration increases the carcass fat content, while increasing the proteing levels decreases carcass fat content. Supplement-tation of poultry diets with amino acids such as methionine, lysine, glycine and tryptophan as well as amino acid such as well as amino acid mixtures can reduce body fat deposition. Normal stress leads to chicken muscular damage resulting in reduced meat quality, but this can be controlled by preslaughter management practices. Feed manufactures can utilize ntilize nutrient modulation to control pale soft exudative(PSE)syndrome. Finally, the success in poultry meat production depends on the consistent achievement of carefully selected levels of quality. Quality assurance should be the wider function of incorporating quality into the production system and the combination of motivating quality into actions and operations.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.29-38
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• 1997

Low toxic concentrated oil dispersant using n-Paraffin and Di(ethylene glycol)mono butylether mixed solvent was prepared, and tested by oil dispersant performance test method, and oil dispersant efficiency was measured using vertical shaking method to 3 kinds of Crude oil, Bunker oil and W/O emulsions with different physical properties by appling the prepared dispersant. Although toxicity test was performed with Flat fish and Rock fish by appling the mixed oils emulsified using prepared oil dispersant, couldn't find the toxicity to them. Concentrated oil dispersant prepared has a good dispersion efficiency of 97.2% after 0.5min settling time and 28.3% after 10min settling time to Bunker B oil with 10% water solution. Especially, the concentrated oil dispersant showing the low toxicity to Oryzias Latipes(24hr, TLm) was 54,000 ppm and to Brine Shrimp Artemia(24hr, TLm) was 51,000ppm, and also, it was completely biodegradated to 99.1% after $7{\sim}8$days.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.311-319
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• 2012

This study examined the effects of supplementation of fish oil and canola oil in the diet on milk yield, milk components and fatty acid composition of Holstein dairy cows in early lactation. Eight multiparous early lactation Holstein cows ($42{\pm}12$ DIM, $40{\pm}6kg$ daily milk yield) were fed a total mixed ration supplemented with either 0% oil (Control), 2% fish oil (FO), 1% canola oil +1% fish oil (FOCO), or 2% canola oil (CO) according to a double $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Each period lasted 3 wk; experimental analyses were restricted to the last week of each period. Supplemental oils were added to a basal diet which was formulated according to NRC (2001) and consisted of 20% alfalfa, 20% corn silage and 60% concentrate. Milk yield was similar between diets (p>0.05), but dry matter intake (DMI) was lower (p<0.05) in cows fed FO diet compared to other diets. Milk fat percentage and daily yield decreased (p<0.01) with the supplementation of fish and canola oil. The daily yield and percentage of milk protein, lactose and solids-not-fat (SNF) were not affected by diets (p>0.05). The proportion (g/100 g fatty acids) of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) decreased and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased (p<0.05) in milk of all cows fed diets supplemented with oil. The proportions of 6:0, 8:0, 10:0 12:0 and 14:0 fatty acids in milk fat decreased (p<0.01) for all diets supplemented with oil, but the proportions of 14:1, 16:0 and 16:1 fatty acids were not affected by diets (p>0.05). The proportion of trans(t)-18:1 increased (p<0.01) in milk fat of cows fed FO and FOCO diets, but CO diet had the highest proportion of cis(c)-11 18:1 (p<0.01). The concentration of t-10, c-12 18:2, c-9 t-11 18:2, 18:3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) increased (p<0.05) in FO and FOCO diets in comparison with the other two diets. These data indicate that including fish oil in combination with canola oil significantly modifies the fatty acid composition of milk.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.350-356
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• 2011

최근에는 화학적 살충소재 보다 친환경적인 살충소재를 선호하여 천연물질을 함유한 친환경 살충제의 개발이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 해충 방제에 이용할 수 있는 친환경 농자재인 식물정유(싸임화이트, 클로브버드, 계피, 라벤더, 레몬유칼립투스)의 생태독성을 평가하는 것이다. 생태독성 평가로 물벼룩(Daphina magna), 송사리(Oryzias latipes), 꿀벌(Apis mellifera L.), 지렁이(Eisenia fetida)를 이용하였다. 물벼룩급성독성시험의 경우, 싸임화이트, 클로브버드, 계피 정유의 $EC_{50}$ 값은 각각 2.5, 2.8, $6.9mg\;L^{-1}$로 EPA 기준으로 보통독성정도이었고, 라벤더, 레몬유칼립투스 정유는 $10mg\;L^{-1}$ 이상이었다. 송사리급성독성 시험의 경우, 싸임화이트와 계피 정유의 $LC_{50}$ 값이 6.7, $7.5mg\;L^{-1}$으로 나타났으며 나머지 정유는 모두 $10mg\;L^{-1}$으로 확인되었다. 꿀벌급성독성시험은 접촉과 섭식 시험으로 나누어서 실시하였고, 모든 정유의 $LD_{50}$ 값이 $100{\mu}g$ a.i $bee^{-1}$ 이상으로 확인되었다. 지렁이급성독성시험의 경우, 싸임화이트, 클로브버드, 계피, 라벤더, 레몬유칼립투스의 $LC_{50}$ 값이 각각 149, 230, 743, 234, $635mg\;kg^{-1}$로 나타났다. 결과적으로 식물 정유들의 지렁이급성독성에 대한 안전성이 확인될 경우 환경에 대한 안전성이 확보된 친환경 살충소재로서의 활용 가능성이 예상되며, 친환경 농자재 생산에 기여할 것으로 사료된다.