• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1249-1255
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• 2011

This study examined the effect of CLA, flaxseed oil and fish oil and their combination forms on crude fat of liver and fatty acid profiles of liver, breast and thigh meat in broiler chicks. A total of 72, 1-day-old Cobb broilers were assigned to 6 groups, and fed an experimental diet supplemented with 5 different fat sources; conjugated linoleic acid (2% CLA), flaxseed oil (2% FXO), fish oil (2% FHO), CLA and flaxseed oil combination (1:1; 2% CXO), and CLA and fish oil combination (1:1; 2% CHO). Eight birds per treatment were processed, and liver, breast and thigh samples were investigated at 21 d of age. As a result of this study, most fatty acids of liver, breast and thigh meat were influenced by fat sources supplemented in the diet (p<0.05). CLA addition resulted in an increase of crude fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) content but a concomitant decrease in n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio was observed in liver (p<0.05). Moreover, the same trends of SFA and n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio were also observed in breast and thigh meats of birds fed CLA alone. In the CXO-fed group or CHO-fed group, n-3 and n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio in both breast and thigh meat increased compared with CLA group, while SFA content decreased (p<0.05). FHO fed-groups had the lowest proportion of n-6 fatty acid in both breast and thigh meats compared to other fat source treatments (p<0.05). In conclusion, the increased levels of crude fat and SFA in liver and meats obtained by feeding CLA could be reduced by its combination with FXO or FHO. In addition, the combination of CLA and FXO or FHO fed to broiler chicks could increase the n-3 to n-6 fatty acid ratio of their meat along with the deposition of CLA.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.15.1-15.8
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• 2019

Corexit 9500 is a dispersant commercially available in Nigeria that is used to change the inherent chemical and physical properties of oil, thereby changing the oil's transport and fate with potential effects on the environment. The aim of this study was to assess the biochemical (enzymes and electrolyte) toxicity of Corexit 9500 dispersant on the gills, liver and kidney of juveniles of Clarias gariepinus after exposure for 21 days. One hundred sixty fish were used without gender consideration. Range-finding tests were conducted over a 96-h period after acclimatisation of the test organisms in the laboratory. The test organisms (10/treatment) were exposed to Corexit 9500 in the following concentrations-0.00, 0.0125, 0.025 and 0.05 ml/l in triplicate. Twenty-one days later, fish was dissected. 0.5 g from each of the following organs-gills, liver and kidney tissues-was removed, homogenised and tested for enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], urea, creatinine and electrolytes (sodium ($Na^+$), potassium ($K^+$), chloride ($Cl^-$), bicarbonate ($HCO_3{^-}$)) following standard methods. In the gills, SOD and ALT to AST ratio were significantly lower than in control while the creatinine was significantly higher in the toxicant. In the kidney, creatinine was significantly higher in fish exposed to the toxicant. In the liver, ALP increased in the toxicant while urea was decreased. The mean electrolyte concentrations ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Cl^-$ and $HCO_3{^-}$) increased significantly in the concentration of the toxicant (P < 0.05). The alterations observed in the activities of these electrolytes and enzymes indicated that Corexit 9500 interfered with transamination and metabolic functions of the fish.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.415-422
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• 2023

In veterinary medicine for mammals, studies are being conducted to confirm the effects of antioxidants using pathological toxicity model studies, and are also used to confirm the effect of mitigating liver or kidney toxicity of specific substances. It was considered necessary to study such a toxicity model for domestic farmed fish, so thioacetamide (TAA), a toxic substance that causes tissue damage by mitochondrial dysfunction, was injected into rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a major farmed freshwater fish species in Korea. The experiment was conducted with 40 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) weighting 53 ± 0.6 g divided into two groups. Thioacetamide(TAA) 300mg/kg of body weight was intraperitoneally injected into rainbow trout and samples were taken 1, 3, 5, 7 days after peritoneal injection. As a result, in serum biochemical analysis, AST levels related to liver function decreased 3 and 5 days after intraperitoneal injection and increased after 7 days, and ALT levels also increased after 7 days. In addition, creatinine related to renal malfunction increased 3 and 5 days after TAA injection. In histopathological analysis, pericholangitis and local lymphocyte infiltration were observed in the liver from 1 day after intraperitoneal injection of TAA, and hepatic parenchymal cell necrosis was also observed from 3 days after intraperitoneal injection. Hyaline droplet in renal tubular epithelial cell was observed from 1 day after TAA injection, and acute tubular damage such as tubular epithelial cell necrosis appeared from 3 days after TAA injection. Accordingly, it is thought that it will be able to contribute to studies that require a toxicity model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 1986

In order to investigate the effect of file fish oil and perilla oil on lipid components in serum and liver of rats on hypercholesterolemic diet, concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid in serum and liver were measured along with high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration of the serum. Body weight gain and amount of food intake did not differ significantly among different dietary groups. Concentration of total-cholesterol in serum was significantly lower with 5% lard+5% soybean oil, 5% lard+5% perilla oil and 5% lard+5% file fish oil diets than with 10% lard diet. High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration was highest in 5% lard+5% file fish oil group. Ratio of high density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol was highest in 5% lard +5% file fish oil group. Concentrations of total cholesterol in liver were not significantly different among all groups, but were slightly low in 5% lard+5% file fish oil and 5% lard+5% perilla oil groups. Concentration of serum triglyceride was significantly lower in 5% lard+5% soybean oil and 5% lard+5% perilla oil groups compared with 10% lard group. Concentration of serum phospholipid was lowest in rats on 5% lard+5% file fish oil diet and was lower in 5% lard+5% soybean oil and 5% lard +5% perilla oil groups than in 10% lard group. Concentration of triglyceride and phospholipid in liver were not significantly different among all groups. but tended to be relatively low in rats on 5% lard+5% perilla oil diet, In conclusion, the results suggest that perilla oil and file fish oil have depressing effects on serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 1999

The effects of dietary protein level on growth, feed utlization and liver size were studied with juvenile haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) of 6.88$\pm$0.54 g (mean$\pm$SD). Five isoenergetic diets containing 44.4 to 64.7% protein were fed to triplicate groups of 50 fish in a flow-through system for 6 weeks. All fish showed a relative increase of more than 300% in final weight. There were, however, no significant differences (P>0.05) in weight gain (16.1 to 17.3 g) and specific growth rate (2.9 to 3.0) among fish groups. A higher protein diets resulted in a lower feed intake. Feed: gain ratio linearly improved (P<0.05) when protein level increased from 44.4 to 59.7%. The lowest protein efficiency ratio was observed in fish fed the highest protein diet. Hepatosomatic index of fish significantly decreased from 10.7 to 7.3% with an increase in protein level. Results from this study suggest that haddock could grow well even when fed the diet with protein lower than 44.4%.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2008

Mass mortality occurred in mud loaches, Misgurnus mizolepis, cultured in ponds located in Kunsan. External signs of affected fish showed hemorrhage of skin and fins, Internally, pale liver with congestion, enlarged kidney, and spleen and enteritis exhibited. Causative bacteria isolated from liver, spleen, and kidney of the disease fish. In biochemical tests, the isolates were similar with those of the reference strains, A. sobria. The aerolysine gene from the present isolate was amplified PCR with the primer SOBF and SOBB for A. sobria. The isolate was identified as A. sobria on the basis of those tests. In virulence test, the present isolate resulted in the development of clinical signs identical to those in naturally infected fish. The present results conclude that the present isolate is A. sobria and can be a pathogen which causes motile aeromonad septicemia to mud loach.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2018

Parvicapsula anisocaudata, a myxosporean parasite, is presumably one of causative agents of emaciation in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in Korea. In this study, we report a case of unusual abdominal distension due to exceptionally enlarged liver in farmed olive flounder. For the identification of the causative agent, bacteria and nucleic acids of virus that are possibly present were attempted to isolate from internal organs of five fish sampled from a fish farm in Jeju. Although a few bacterial colonies were isolated from some samples, there was no evidence that fish were primarily affected by virus and/or bacteria. From histopathological analysis, myxosporean were found in almost all internal organs, particularly in the stomach. The causative agent was identified as P. anisocaudata by sequencing a part of small subunit rRNA. This study contains a very unusual case of olive flounder heavily and systemically infected with P. anisocaudata, showing excessively enlarged liver with a small amount of ascitic fluid.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1367-1375
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of phytase in diets containing cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) on growth performance, feed utilization and digestibility of protein and phosphorus in juvenile olive flounder (initial body weight 2.5 g), Paralichthys olivaceus. Four experimental diets replacing 0%, 30%, 30% and 40% fish meal protein with CS in equal proportion were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric (designated as CS0, CS30, CS30+P, CS40+P, respectively). Phytase of 1,000 FTU/kg was supplemented in diets CS30+P and CS40+P. Three groups of fish (25 fish per group) were fed one of the experimental diets for 10 weeks. No significant differences were observed in growth performance of fish groups except for the CS40+P diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients of protein and phosphorus in fish fed phytase-containing diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed the CS0 diet. Serum cholesterol was significantly reduced in fish fed the CS-containing diets. Antioxidant activities in the diets and liver of fish were significantly increased with the increment of dietary CS. Gossypol was only detected and found in liver of the fish fed the CS-containing diets. The findings suggest that supplementation of microbial phytase could improve the apparent digestibility of protein and phosphorus in juvenile olive flounder fed the CS-containing diets.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.207-217
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• 2013

Recently high mortality of cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus occurred frequently at the fish farms in Ulsan, Korea. The diseased fish showed skinny body and swimming behavior around the water surface with liver atrophy and white enteritis as internal signs. The isolated bacteria were identified to V. scophthalmi by biochemical test, nucleotide analysis of 16S rRNA and dnaJ gene sequencing. The pathogen of this study showed strong pathogenicity as 75% mortality to olive flounder by intraperitoneal injection of $1{\times}10^6$ CFU/fish. The pathological sign was not different between the naturally diseased fish and the artificially infected fish. Histopathological changes were shown to liver atrophy, desquamation of the intestinal mucosa and hyaline droplet like as other previous studies.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.668-679
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• 2023

Edwardsiella tarda is one of the most significant fish pathogens, causes edwardsiellosis in a variety of freshwater fish species, and its antibiotic resistance against multiple drugs has made it a health risk worldwide. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance (ABR) genes of E. tarda and establish its antibiotic susceptibility. Thus, 540 fish (299 Oreochromis niloticus, 138 O. mossambicus, and 103 O. aureus) were collected randomly from twelve fish farms in three districts of Punjab in Pakistan. E. tarda was recovered from 147 fish showing symptoms of exophthalmia, hemorrhages, skin depigmentation, ascites, and bacteria-filled nodules in enlarged liver and kidney. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing proved chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, and streptomycin effective, but amoxicillin, erythromycin, and flumequine ineffective in controlling edwardsiellosis. Maximum occurrence of qnrA, blaTEM, and sul3 genes of E. tarda was detected in 45% in the liver, 58%, and 42% respectively in the intestine; 46.5%, 67.2%, and 55.9% respectively in O. niloticus; 24%, 36%, and 23% respectively in summer with respect to fish organs, species, and season, respectively. Motility, H₂S, indole, methyl red, and glucose tests gave positive results. Overall, E. tarda infected 27.2% of fish, which ultimately caused 7.69% mortality. The Chi-squared test of independence showed a significant difference in the occurrence of ABR genes of E. tarda with respect to sampling sites. In conclusion, the misuse of antibacterial agents has led to the emergence of ABR genes in E. tarda, which in association with high temperatures cause multiple abnormalities in infected fish and ultimately resulting in massive mortality.