• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.3391-3398
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• 2013

The carboxylated multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH) and functionalized with isatin derivative (MWCNT-isatin) have been used as efficient adsorbents for the removal of lead (Pb) from aqueous solutions. The influence of variables including pH, concentration of the lead, amount of adsorbents and contact time was investigated by the batch method. The adsorption of the lead ions from aqueous solution by modified MWCNTs was studied kinetically using different kinetic models. The kinetic data were fitted with pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models. The sorption process with MWCNT-COOH and MWCNT-isatin was well described by pseudo-second-order and pseudo-first-order kinetics, respectively which it was agreed well with the experimental data. Also, it involved the particle-diffusion mechanism. The values of regression coefficient of various adsorption isotherm models like Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin to obtain the characteristic parameters of each model have been carried out. The Langmuir isotherm was found to best represent the measured sorption data for both adsorbent.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.302-311
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• 1995

Benfuresate 및 oxolinic acid를 공시농약으로 선정하여 포장조건하에서 각각의 농약을 토성이 다른 논 및 밭토양에 시용하여 시기별로 잔류량을 측정한후 6가지 kinetic models을 도입하여 잔류유형을 나타내는 최적(最適) model을 선정하고 각 model로부터 구한 반감기를 비교 평가했다. Benfuresate 및 oxolinic acid의 잔류유형은 6가지 model에 의해 유의성 있게 설명되고 있었으나 $t\frac{1}{2}$ 산출을 위해 Power Function(PF), Elovich(EL), Parabolic(PB)등의 경험식을 적용하는것은 무리가 있었다. 실험식중 결정계수($r^2$), 표준오차(SE) 및 유의성을 기준으로 평가할 때 second-order(SO)>first-order(FO)>zero-order(ZO) kinetic model 순(順)이었다. 그러나 FO model의 경우, single FO kinetics 보다는 빠른 분해단계와 느린 분해단계로 구성된 multiple FO kinetics model이 잔류유형을 더 유의성있게 나타냈고, 이 경우 SO model과 비슷한 $r^2$값을 보여 주었다. 따라서 2가지 공시농약의 잔류유형을 나타내는 최적 model은 multiple FO 또는 SO model로 평가되었다. Benfuresate의 경우 single FO model로 산출한 반감기($t\frac{1}{2}$)는 월곡통과 청원통에서 각각 49, 63일로 SO model로부터 구한 $t\frac{1}{2}$인 39, 55일 보다 $20{\sim}13%$가 길었다. Oxolinic acid의 경우 FO model로부터 구한 $t\frac{1}{2}$은 용계통, 이현통에서 각각 25, 26일로 SO model로부터 구한 $t\frac{1}{2}$ 보다 $87{\sim}51%$ 긴 것으로 평가되었다. 이런 결과는 농약의 잔류유형을 나타내는 최적 model이 농약의 종류 및 환경조건에 따라 다를 수 있고 이에 따른 $t\frac{1}{2}$도 변화폭이 크기 때문에 FO model을 일률적으로 적용하는 대신 최적 model을 선정하고 이로부터 $t\frac{1}{2}$를 산출하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 생각된다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.41-45
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• 1996

This study was conducted to develop the fermentation kinetic model for the prediction of acidity and pH changes in Kimchi as a function of fermentation temperatures. The fitness of the model was evaluated using traditional two-step method and an alternative non-linear regression method. The changes in acidity and pH during fermentation followed the pattern of the first order reaction of a two-step method. As the fermentation temperature increased from 4$^{\circ}C$ to 28, the reaction rates of acidity and pH were increased 8.4 and 7.6 times, respectively. The activation energies of acidity and pH were 16.125 and 16.003kcal/mole. The average activation energies of acidity and pH using a non-linear method were 16.006 by the first order and 15.813 kcal/mole by the zero order, respectively. The non-linear procedure had better fitting 개 experimental data of the acidity and pH than two-step method. The shelf-lives based on the time to reach the 1.0% of acidity were 33.1day at 4$^{\circ}C$ and 2.8 day 28$^{\circ}C$.

• 한국에너지공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국에너지공학회 1993년도 추계학술발표회 초록집
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• pp.31-36
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• 1993

Three different methods were employed to measure the degree of aerial oxidation in coal and the resulting oxidation/weathering indices were applied to obtain kinetic parameters of aerial oxidation processes, The index (i.e., slurry pH, Free Swelling Index, weight gain) values were subjected to kinetic analysis based on power-law Arrhenius type reaction model. The results show that activation energy of the aerial oxidation in 20-29$0^{\circ}C$ is in the range of 12-16 ㎉/㏖ and the agreement among three techniques is remarkable. The first order kinetic model is suitable in describing low temperature aerial oxidation process, except in the FSI case where the zero order expression is the best one.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.233-244
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• 2012

Purpose: The kinetic evaluation was performed for swine manure (SM) degradation and biogas generation. Methods: The SM was anaerobically digested using batch digesters at feed to inoculum ratio (F/I) of 1.0 under mesophilic conditions ($36.5^{\circ}C$). The specific gas yield was expressed in terms of gram total chemical oxygen demand (mL/g TCOD added) and gram volatile solids added (mL/g VS added) and their effectiveness was discussed. The biogas and methane production were predicted using first order kinetic model and the modified Gompertz model. The critical hydraulic retention time for biomass washout was determined using Chen and Hashimoto model. Results: The biogas and methane yield from SM was 346 and 274 mL/ TCOD added, respectively after 100 days of digestion. The average methane content in the biogas produced from SM was 79% and $H_2S$ concentration was in the range of 3000-4108 ppm. It took around 32-47 days for 80-90% of biogas recovery and the TCOD removal from SM was calculated to be 85%. When the specific biogas and methane yield from SM (with very high TVFA concentration) was expressed in terms of oven dried volatile solids (VS) basis, the gas yield was found to be over estimated. The difference in the measured and predicted gas yield was in the range of 1.2-1.5% when using first order kinetic model and 0.1% when using modified Gompertz model. The effective time for biogas production ($T_{Ef}$) from SM was calculated to be in the range of 30-45 days and the critical hydraulic retention time ($HRT_{Critical}$) for biomass wash out was found to be 9.5 days. Conclusions: The modified Gompertz model could be better in predicting biogas and methane production from SM. The HRT greater than 10 days is recommended for continuous digesters using SM as feedstock.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제33권11호
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• pp.804-811
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• 2011

본 연구는 흡착제의 흡착특성을 이해하는데 이용되는 각종 흡착모델의 적용성을 평가하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 상용의 음이온교환수지(PA-308)를 이용하여 질산성질소에 대한 흡착특성을 회분식 실험을 통해 조사하였다. 음이온교환수지에 의한 질산성질소의 속도실험 결과는 초기의 빠른 흡착과정과 후기의 느린 흡착 과정의 두 가지 단계의 과정으로 이원화되는 경향을 나타내었다. 1차 속도식과 2차 속도식 모두 전체 반응시간에서의 질산성질소에 대한 음이온교환수지의 흡착속도를 수식화 할 수 없었다. 초기의 빠른 흡착반응($t\leq$ 20분)은 1차 속도식에 따르고 외부확산에 의해 거의 지배되는 거동을 보이는 반면, 후기 느린 흡착반응(t > 20분)은 2차 속도 화학반응과 내부확산, 즉 세공 내 확산에 의해서 일어남을 알 수 있었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.218-222
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• 1998

Removal of Cd(Ⅱ), Zn(Ⅱ) and Cu(Ⅱ) from aqueous solutions using the adsorption process on magadiite has been investigated. It was found that the removal percentage of metal cations at equilibrium increases with increasing temperature, and follows the order of Cd(Ⅱ) > Cu(Ⅱ) > Zn(Ⅱ). Equilibrium modeling of adsorption showed that the adsorptions of Cd(Ⅱ), Cu(Ⅱ), and Zn(Ⅱ) were fitted to Langmuir isotherm. Kinetic modeling of the adsorption showed that first order reversible kinetic model fitted to experimental data. From kinetic model and equilibrium data, the overall rate constant (k) and the equilibrium constant (K) for the adsorption process were calculated. The overall rates of adsorption of metal ions follow the order of Cd(Ⅱ) > Cu(Ⅱ) > Zn(Ⅱ). From the results of thermodynamic analysis, standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), standard enthalpy (ΔH°), and standard entropy (ΔS°) of adsorption process were calculated.

• 생태와환경
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• 제39권4호통권118호
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• pp.450-461
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 pH 5.5에서 연안퇴적물내 납과 카드뮴의 흡착 동력학을 실험실규모의 회분식 반응기를 이용하여 조사하였다. 4종류의 모델: 단일영역 물질전달모델 (one-site mass transfer model, OSMTM), 겉보기 1차속도모델 (pseudo-first-order kinetic model, PFOKM), 겉보기 2차속도모델 (pseudo-second-order kinetic model, PSOKM)과 두영역 1차속도모델 (two compartment first-order kinetic model, TCFOKM)을 사용하여 흡착속도를 분석하였다. 관련된 모델매개변수의 수에서 기대되듯이 변수가 3개인 TCFOKM이 변수가 2개인 OSMTM, PFOKM, PSOKM 보다 흡착속도를 더 잘 표현할 수 있었다. 납과 카드뮴의 대부분의 흡착은 초기 3시간 이내에 빠르게 완료되었으며, 이후 기간 동안은 느린 흡착이 이루어졌다. 모든 모델에서 겉보기 흡착평형농도($q_{e,s}$)는 퇴적물의 양이온 교환능 (CEC)과 표면적이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 것으로 예측되었으며, 이는 초기 중금속 투여 농도와 중금속 및 퇴적물의 형태와 무관하였다. OSMTM에서의 흡착속도 상수 ($k_s,\;hr^{-1}$)는 퇴적물의 CEC와 표면적이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. PFOKM의 겉보기 1차흡착속도상수 ($k_{p1,s},\;hr^{-1}$)는 퇴적물의 특성과 관련이 없었다. PSOM 분석결과 겉보기 2차흡착속도상수 ($k_{p2,s},\;g\;mmol^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$)와 초기흡착속도 ($v_{o,s},\;mg\;g^{-1}\;hr^{-1}$)는 퇴적물의 특성과 연관되지 않았다. TCFOKM의 빠른 흡착영역의 분율($f_{1,s}$)은 수용액상의 초기농도와는 무관하게 퇴적물의 CEC와 표면적이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 빠른 부분에서의 흡착속도 상수 ($k_{1,s}=10^{0.1}-10^{1.0}\;hr^{-1}$)는 느린 부분에서의 흡착속도 상수 ($k_{2,s}=10^{-2}-10^{-4}\;hr^{-1}$)보다 훨씬 더 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.205-213
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• 2019

Batch adsorption tests were performed to evaluate the applicability of adsorption kinetic model by using hydrogel chitosan bead crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (HCB-G) for Cu(II) as cation and/or phosphate as anion. Pseudo first and second order model were applied to determine the sorption kinetic property and intraparticle and Boyd equation were used to predict the diffusion of Cu(II) and phosphate at pore and boundary-layer, respectively. According to the value of theoretical and experimental uptake of Cu(II) and phosphate, pseudo second order is more suitable. On comparison with the value of adsorption rate constant (k), phosphate kinetic was 2-4 times faster than that of Cu(II) at any experimental condition indicating the electrostatic interaction between ${NH_3}^+$ and phosphate is dominated at the presence of single component. However, when Cu(II) and phosphate simultaneously exist, the value of k for phosphate was sharply decreased and then the difference was not significant. Both diffusion models confirmed that the sorption rate was controlled by film mass transfer at the beginning time (t < 3 hr) and pore diffusion at next time section (t > 6 hr).

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.861-869
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• 2012

The chlorine's residual concentration prevents the regrowth of microorganism in water transport along the pipeline system. Precise prediction of chlorine concentration is important in determining disinfectant injection for the water distribution system. In this study, a pilot scale water distribution system was designed and fabricated to measure the temporal variation of chlorine concentration for three flow conditions (V = 0.88, 1.33, 1.95 m/s). Various kinetic models were applied to identify the relationship between hydraulic condition and chlorine decay. Genetic Algorithm (GA) was integrated into five kinetic models and time series of chlorine were used to calibrate parameters. Model fitness was compared by Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between measurement and prediction. Limited first order model and Parallel first order showed good fitness for prediction of chlorine concentration.