• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.73-93
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine how children's transition to adulthood might be related to their parents' marital satisfaction and relationship satisfaction with children. Specifically, we investigated if the numbers of children who (1) graduated from 4-year college, (2) were employed, (3) were married, (4) moved out of parental homes and lived independently, and (5) had at least one child might be associated with better marital satisfaction and higher relationship satisfaction with children among midlife and older parents. We also evaluated if the associations might differ by gender of the children (sons vs. daughters) as well as by their gender and birth order (first-born son, later-born son, first-born daughter, later-born daughter). Method: The analytic sample was drawn from the 2006 Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The sample consisted of 1,905 parents whose children were aged between 25 and 35. For analysis, regression models with robust standard errors were estimated using Stata. Results: Results suggest that sons' (especially first-born sons') transition to adulthood exerted more consistent impacts on parents. More specifically, first-born sons' completion of higher education, marriage, and independent living arrangement were associated with either higher levels of parental marital satisfaction or relationship satisfaction with children. With regard to later-born sons, their completion of college education was linked to higher levels of parental marital satisfaction and relationship satisfaction with children. Conclusion: Korean parents appear to place greater importance on first-born sons' successful transition to adulthood compared to those of other children. Overall, however, transition to adulthood may have limited influence on Korean parents.

• Journal of Family Relations
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.129-147
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• 2016

Objective: This study examined the role of siblings with respect to living arrangements between married children and their parents. Previous studies have rarely considered the possibility that family context such as siblings may be associated with intergenerational residential proximity. Method: Using data from first wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2006), I investigated if, among married children, their sibling characteristics may be associated with the probability of their coresiding with the parent(s), living nearby (within a 30-minute distance from parent(s) by public transportation), or living further away. Specifically, the total numbers of sisters and brothers, the numbers of siblings coresiding with the parent(s) and living nearby, their relative position in the sibling network (first-born son, later-born son, first-born daughter, later-born daughter), and sibship existence and gender configurations (only child, son with brother(s) only, son with sister(s) only, son with both brother(s) and sister(s), daughter with brother(s) only, daughter with sister(s) only, daughter with both brother(s) and sister(s)) were evaluated in the study. For data analysis, multinomial logit models with robust standard errors were estimated using the Stata mlogit procedure. Results: Results suggest that the probability of a married child living together with the parent(s), relative to living close by, was significantly higher the more sisters he or she has. Being a son, especially first-born son, was associated with a higher probability of intergenerational coresidence compared to near residence, respectively. Also, the numbers of siblings coresiding with the parent(s) and living in close proximity were linked to a higher risk of intergenerational coresidence and near residence. Supplementary analyses revealed that the last finding was held over and above the total number of siblings, their relative position in the sibling network, as well as sibling existence and gender configurations. Conclusion: Overall, the study findings indicate that sibling characteristics have significant impacts on intergenerational living arrangement. The influence of traditional patrilineal norm of intergenerational coresidence and a trend towards modified extended family have emerged when siblings characteristics are taken into consideration as determinants of intergenerational living arrangement.

• Perinatology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.159-164
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• 2018

Objective: To compare neonatal respiratory morbidity of twins according to birth order related to gestational age and mode of delivery. Methods: We performed the retrospective research of the medical records of 3,224 neonates (1,612 twin pairs) born in a single center from January 2011 to December 2015. Subjects were classified into four gestational age groups: very (<32 weeks), moderate (32-33 weeks), late (34-36 weeks) preterm, and term (${\geq}37weeks$) groups. We investigated clinical characteristics and respiratory morbidity according to birth order related to gestational age group and mode of delivery. Results: We found increased risk of respiratory morbidity in second-born twin than first-born twin (P=0.039). Second-born twin was associated with increased risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in late preterm group (odds ratio [OR] 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-5.95), and transient tachypnea of newborn in term group (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.03-1.81). In vaginal delivery mode, there was no difference of respiratory morbidity between first and second-born twin in each group, but in cases of Cesarean delivery, second-born twin was related with a greater risk of RDS in late preterm group (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.07-5.09). Birth order and Cesarean section independently increased the risk of RDS (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.69, 95% CI 1.12-2.54; aOR 2.14, 95% CI 1.25-3.66, respectively). Conclusion: Second-born twin and Cesarean delivery are associated with increased risk of RDS, especially in late preterm twins.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.15-27
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• 2016

This study examined intergenerational contact and financial support exchange between parents and each of their non-coresident married children. Prior qualitative work has suggested that increased contact between parents and their married daughters may indicate a decline in patrilineal norms in contemporary Korean families. Using a nationally representative sample, this study investigated if married daughters engage in similar levels of intergenerational contact and financial support exchange with their parents in contrast to their married brothers (first-born sons in particular). The data were drawn from the first wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA, 2006). For analyses, individuals who had at least one non-coresident married child were selected, resulting in the analytic sample of 3,950 parents with 10,947 non-coresident married children. Both regression with robust standard errors and sibling fixed effects regression models were estimated using the reg and xtreg procedures in STATA. Residential proximity and sociodemographic characteristics of both parents and children were controlled in analyses. Findings suggest that, overall, parents report more frequent face-to-face contact with and financial support from their first-born sons in comparison to other sons and daughters. Daughters, on the other hand, were found to engage in more frequent contact via phone call, mail, or email with their parents. In conclusion, we did not find a strong evidence to support the contention that patrilineal norms have softened in contemporary Korean families to the extent that has been suggested in qualitative studies.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.111-136
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• 2012

This paper investigates effects of family size on private tutoring expenditures, using a data set drawn from the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women & Families (KLoWF). To deal with endogeneity of family size, the paper employs an instrumental variable (IV) method in which the sex of the first-born of the family is used as an IV. The results suggest that quantity-quality trade-offs of children within a family function in a way that varies by the sex of the child. While the effect of an increase in family size on private turoring expenditures of a second-born daughter is negative, the effect for a second-born son is indeterminate. The result for daughters implies that high costs of raising a child are likely to explain low birth rates of Korea.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2012

This study investigated the effect of birth weight on the fertility of Holstein heifers. Growth parameter (body weight) was measured at birth. Calves were analyzed as three subgroups: low (L), average (A) and high (H) birth weight (BW) calves. LBW calves were born 10 kg lighter than HBW calves. Fertility data collected included age at first breeding (AFB), number of services per conception, pregnancy rate to first artificial insemination (AI), and age at first calving (AFC). Primiparous calves in HBW are smaller compared to multiparous cows (18.3% versus 48%). Although not significantly different, LBW offspring appeared to breed faster over the service period compared with the ABW offspring that bred three weeks later on the average. The mean pregnancy rate to first AI for LBW heifers was higher (60%) than ABW (48%) and HBW (45%). HBW cows required more services per conception (2.1) than the LBW (1.7) and ABW (1.9). There were significant differences (p<0.05) in age at first calving among the different calving birth weights. Smaller birth size did not have any subsequent adverse effects on fertility. HBW offspring were more likely or tend to have worse fertility parameters.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.69-80
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• 2014

Guided by the exchange model, altruistic model, intergenerational solidarity theory, and cultural contexts, this study explored the determinants of financial intergenerational transfers between older parents and adult children in South Korea. We examined 18,820 parent-child dyads by using random-effects models on the first wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA) data. Findings showed that downward financial intergenerational transfers were consistent with the self-interest exchange model but upward transfers did not support microeconomic theories. Family solidarity theory was generally supported by downward transfers but geographical proximity was not positively associated with upward transfers. Lastly, cultural contextual variables such as marital status, birth order, and sex of a child were found to be significant. Parents tended to both provide and receive more financial support from unmarried children than from married children. Within the same marital status, the hierarchy existed in order of the first-born son, the second or later sons, and daughters when it came to downward financial transfers. Regarding upward financial transfers, the preference in order was more complicated. The findings of this study help in understanding the intergenerational financial transfers in the Korean context.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.189-194
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• 2023

This study uses first-principles calculations to investigate the mechanical properties and effect of strain on the electronic properties of the 2D material 1H-PbX₂ (X: S, Se). Firstly, the stability of the 1H Pb-dichalcogenide structures was evaluated using Born's criteria. The obtained results show that the 1H-PbS₂ material possesses the greatest ideal strength of 3.48 N/m, with 3.68 N/m for 1H-PbSe₂ in biaxial strain. In addition, 1H-PbS₂ and 1H-PbSe₂ are direct semiconductors at equilibrium with band gaps of 2.30 eV and 1.90 eV, respectively. The band gap was investigated and remained almost unchanged under the strain ε_xx but altered significantly at strains ε_yy and ε_bia. At the fracture strain in the biaxial direction (19 %), the band gap of 1H-PbS₂ decreases about 60 %, and that of 1H-PbSe₂ decreases about 50 %. 1H-PbS₂ and 1H-PbSe₂ can convert from direct to indirect semiconductor under the strain ε_yy. Our findings reveal that the two structures have significant potential for application in nanoelectronic devices.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.43-58
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• 2002

A General survey on the cleft lip and/or palate patients in Pusan National University Hospital was done. The conclusions were as follow. 1. In gender ratio, male was higher than female. 2. In the cleft type, unilateral cleft lip and palate, cleft lip and alveolus, and bilateral cleft lip and palate in higher ratio order. Left unilateral cleft lip and palate was higher than right in ratio. 3. In first hospital visiting age for dental treatment, the group from 6 years old to 12 years old was most and in that the age group for attending elementary school (about 7-8 years old) showed especially higher ratio. The large majority of patient were born in 1980's and lived in Pusan metropolitan city, KyungSangNamDo. Especially, most of them lived in the neighboring Held of Pusan National University Hospital. 4. Class III skeletal pattern and Angle's Class III molar relationship was most prevalent. Angle's Class II molar relationship showed relative higher ratio because tooth loss and malposition. 5. Primary lip closure in 3 months, secondary lip closure in 6-7 years old, palatal closure in 12-16 months and bone graft in 8-10 years old were operated mostly. Rhinoplasty and scar revision were operated in too early age so the need of infantile orthopedics must be considered. 6. Maxillary expansion and protraction were operated mostly in 8-11 years old but operating in primary dentition must be considered. 7. Tooth alignment were started mostly in mixed dentition and consideration about prosthodontic treatment and retention will be need. 8. In tooth anomaly, tooth malformation and missing were most prevalent.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.37-55
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting family strength and therewith, suggest some strategies to improve family strength and welfare. For this purpose, the researcher sampled 208 college students and surveyed them for their perceptions of the concept of family and family strengths. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, as a result of surveying the subjects on their perception of the concept of family, it was found that almost all of them (99%) perceived that 'a family consists of a couple and their children' (item 1). The other items regarding the concept of family chosen by the majority of subjects were 'a couple and adopted child' (item 3 & item 17), 'a remarried couple and their children' (item 9), 'a single parent and children' (item 2), 'a three-generation family; couple, widowed daughter and granddaughter' (item 4), 'three sisters' (item 7), 'an unmarried woman living with a son born from a sperm bank' (item 19), 'a separated couple with no child' (item 13), 'cousins living together' (item 11), 'a divorced man and his girlfriend with child' (item 15) and 'homosexual family' (item 8). Second, as a result of assessing subjects' needs for family functions and their efforts for family strengths, it was found that the family functions for family members scored higher than those for the society, and that subjects' efforts for the family functions conducive to both their family members and society scored lower than their needs for the family functions. Third, subjects' needs and efforts for family functions were positively correlated with family strengths. Namely, family functions were closely related with family strengths.