• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.142-150
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze maintenance costs and estimation of elemental costs for educational buildings. The adapted research method selected four school buildings in seoul region as BTL projects. On the basis of the selected case, the study suggested a model to establish a system for each parts and estimate analyzed construction costs and maintenance costs according to that system. According to the analysis, the study proposed a partial construction costs analysis table and maintenance costs table and analyzed proper construction costs and maintenances costs. The results of this study are as follows 1) The average ratio followed by calculation of partial construction costs of the four school buildings are as followings. The total construction costs is analysed 6,666million won and each part of average rations is structure 47.15%, exterior of building 8.34%, interior of building 23.37%, electricity & fire fighting facility 5.74%, water supply & healthy facility 4.27%, heating & water supply facility 5.25%, landscape 1.36%, civil engineering works 4.51%. 2)The average ratio followed by analysis of partial maintenance costs of the four school buildings are as followings. The total maintenance costs is analysed 4,309 million won and each part of average ratio is exterior of building 11.02%, interior of building 41.81%, electricity & fire fighting facility 14.81%, water supply & healthy facility 11.22%, heating & water supply facility 12.76%, landscape 5.75%, civil engineering works 2.63%.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.89-100
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• 2018

when the explosive wastes to be treated as designated wastes are brought into the wastes treatment plant by mistake and lead to an explosion in the wastes disposal process, many people and property damage are involved. Waste should be treated properly. As mentioned in this paper, ignition reac- tion tests of ignitable re-burning of explosives packing material waste (solid butadiene) confirmed that ignition was easily occurred, and that even small ignition sources were easily ignited and burned quickly and explosively. In particular, when explosives are loaded into incineration wastes in large quantities and mixed with organic compound wastes, such as fire and explosion accidents caused by explosives packing materials at waste disposal sites, flammable and oxidative gases are generated due to mutual oxidation and pyrolysis It is confirmed that there is a possibility that ignition sources such as spark ignite and instantaneously lead to explosion. It is hoped that this study will be a small reference for on - site detection in the field of fire, and it is expected that the fire - fighting agency will be recognized as a fire investigation agency and will contribute to the improvement of the credibility.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.331-346
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• 2018

In the tunnel of domestic high - speed railway, the main fire - fighting facility, fire - extinguishing passageway, is installed. However, due to the high pressure of the high - speed train, frequent breakage and maintenance are caused by strong shock and long - term vibration. In order to solve these problems, it is necessary to improve the fire door, but in Korea, it is installed by submitting a certificate by simple KS F 2296 performance test. At present, it is developed as a simple test certification by producing a real scale fireproof door without the theoretical examination in advance, so that a high cost for improvement is occurring in Korea. Therefore, through this study, structural analysis study which can preliminary structure review was carried out in order to design the refuge connection passage fire door and to improve the performance improvement. In order to secure the reliability of the result value, the official authentication test (KS F 2296) were compared.

• Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2010

This study was conducted to provide a method for fire suppression in a central area inside the roof of a wooden cultural property using a gas extinguishing apparatus, which is used as one of fire suppression methods with view to preventing valuable wooden properties inherited from ancestors from being destructed by fire. For a wooden property, it is very difficult to suppress fire when combustion spreads to a central area inside its roof, so it is impossible to put out a fire without destructing it. Such a fire fighting apparatus as a sprinkler, etc., installed in modern structures, is very effective, but the possibility of damaging a cultural property is highly probable after installment and operation, which leads to its low adaptability to a wooden property. Thus, the necessity of developing a fire suppress ion apparatus was raised to minimize the said problem and to obtain the desired results, and the need of making a plan on the installment was also raised based on the results of a test whose validity was proven. The central area inside a roof is a traditional - architectural style which is found in Korean wooden structures only, so it is impossible to discover similar cases in foreign countries. For this reason, this study was conducted to verify the effectiveness by developing a fixed fire suppression apparatus designed considering the speed and effectiveness in fire suppression. This study was sequentially carried out in the following steps. First, a frame for this study was made and the specific plan on a fire suppression method was established. Then, a fire suppression apparatus was installed. In the first step, the effectiveness for fire suppression was tested by installing valve open - punched - main water pores, and in the second step, the same effectiveness was tested by valve opened - punched - injection ports. For a wooden property similar to "Sungnyemun"(Gate of Exalted Ceremonies), its central area of the roof decides whether the fire suppression is successful or not, so the opinions on how to put out a fire were presented in this study, and thus the objective data to establish a method on fire suppression in a wooden structure(cultural property) was secured. Lastly, a scientific verification in the effectiveness for fire suppression measures was presented by installing a gas - fixed fire suppression apparatus.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.583-597
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• 2014

Fire caused by heater has various causes as many as the types of heater. also, lots of damage of human life and property loss are caused, since annually continuous fire accident by heater in traditional market is frequently occurring. There are not many cases of fire due to heater in most of residential facilities such as general house, apartments, etc., because they are supplied with heating boiler, however the restaurant, store and office of the market, sports center, factory, workplace, etc. still use heater, e.g. oilstove, electric heater, etc., so that they are exposed to fire hazard. Also, when investigating the number of fire due to heater, it was analyzed to occur in order of home boiler, charcoal stove, oilstove, gas heater/stove, electric stove/heater, the number of fire per human life damage was analyzed in order of gas heater/stove, oil heater/stove, electric heater/stove, briquette/coal heater. Also, gas and oil related heater were analyzed to have low frequency, however, with high fire intensity. Therefore, this research aimed at considering more scientific fire inspection and identification approach by reenacting and reviewing fire outbreak possibility caused by combustibles' contact and conductivity under the normal condition and abnormal condition in respect of ignition hazard, i.e. minimum ignition temperature, carbonization degree and heat flux along with it, due to oilstove and electric stove, which are still frequently used in public use facility, traditional market, and, of which actual fire occurrence is the most frequent. As the result of reenact test, ignition hazard appeared very small, as long as enough heat storage condition is not made in both test objects(oilstove/electric stove), however carbonization condition was analyzed to be proceeded per each part respectively. Eventually, transition to fire is the ignition due to heat storage, so that it was analyzed to ignite when minimum heat storage temperature condition of fire place is over $500^{\circ}C$. Particularly, in case of quartz pipe, the heating element of electric stove, it is rapidly heated over the temperature of $600^{\circ}C$ within the shortest time(10sec), so that the heat flux of this appears 6.26kW/m2, which was analyzed to result in damage of thermal PVC cable and second-degree burn in human body. Also, the researcher recognized that the temperature change along with Geometric View Factor and Fire Load, which display decrease of heat, are also important variables to be considered, along with distance change besides temperature condition. Therefore, the researcher considers that a manual of careful fire inspection and identification on this is necessary, also, expects that scientific and rational efforts of this research can contribute to establish manual composition and theoretical basis on henceforth fire inspection and identification.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.148-157
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate greenhouse maintenance by farms by looking into greenhouses across the nation for greenhouse specification, disaster-resistance greenhouse construction, types and degree of damage due to natural disasters, pre-inspection in case of typhoon or heavy snow forecast, and fire-fighting facilities to prevent a fire. The findings were summarized as follows: as for greenhouse specification, the highest proportion of them were 90 m or longer both in single- and multi-span greenhouses in terms of length; 8 m or wider and 7.0~7.9 m in single- and multi-span greenhouses, respectively, in terms of width; 1.5~1.9 m and 2.0~2.9 m in single-and multi-span greenhouses, respectively, in terms of height; and 3.0~3.9 m and 6 m in single- and multi-span greenhouses, respectively, in terms of diameter. As for disaster-resistance greenhouses, farmers were reluctant to install such greenhouses. The low distribution of disaster-resistance greenhouses was attributed to the greenhouses built dependent on the old practice, the greenhouses already completed, and relatively high construction costs. As for damage by natural disasters, greenhouses were subject to more damage by typhoons than heavy snow. They mainly inspected the ceiling and side windows, entrances, and fixation bands for covering materials in case of typhoon forecast and the heating devices in case of heavy snow forecast. As for repair methods for greenhouse pipe corrosion, they preferred partial replacement to painting and did not use stiffeners for structures to prevent a natural disaster in most cases. As for the maintenance of greenhouse covering materials, most farmers inspected their sealing property but did not clean the coverings for light transmission. The destruction of structural materials can be prevented by eliminating greenhouse covering materials during a typhoon, but they were not able to do so because of the covering material replacement costs and the crops they were growing. The study also examined whether greenhouse farms had fire-fighting facilities to prevent a fire and found that they lacked the perception of greenhouse fire prevention to a great degree.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.87-96
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• 2009

Purpose : To grasp the mental burden for legal responsibility that rescue members have in the performance of job. Method : Questionnaire was presented to rescue members serving in 2 direct control safety centers of fire station located in Seoul, Daejon, Incheon, Kwangju, Busan, Daegu and Ulsan. Results : 1. Questioned whether they have mental burden for legal responsibility while performing job on the site, the rescue members responded : very burdensome in 38.0%, burdensome in 56.0%, moderate in 4.5%, not burdensome in 1.0%, no burden at all in 0.5%. 2. Questioned on the first aid treat for which they have the most mental burden, the rescue members responded : intubation into trachea laryngeal mask airway(LMA) in 40.4%, automatic external defibrillator in 16.3%, securing vein providing sap(medicine) in 10.8%, basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 7.2%, eliminating foreign matters inserted into body in 5.4%, stanching external bleeding and treating injury in 5.4%, fixing extremities and spine by using splint in 1.8%, measuring the symptom of vitality in 1.2%, providing oxygen in 0.0%. 3. Questioned whether experiencing legal problem or firm petition(complaint) raised by patient while serving as rescue members, they responded : experiencing a complaint in 41.6%, experiencing no complaint in 58.4%. Asked to indicate the stress level in the scale of which they suffered when lawsuit or firm petition was raised, 0(weak)-10(strong), they answered 8.8 in average. 4. Questioned whether 119 rescue members put the legal responsibility in case that they cause damage to patients intentionally in performing, they responded to the inquiry 3.66 in average(of 5.00). It represented meaningful differences (F=2.874, p=.024) whether they had license or not. 5. In future, legal action will raise against the rescue member by 99% because of people's rights improvement(63.1%), high expectations for the rescue system(29.5%), non-licensed rescue members(5.1%). Conclusion : It was found that the rescue members had severe mental burden for advanced life support which was investigated to have low enforcement rate in the preceding research, for instance, intubation into trachea securing vein management by using automatic external defibrillator. To improve the qualitative level of rescue service in the fire fighting, it may be required to construct the environment that eliminates the mental burden of rescue members for legal responsibility.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.47-52
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• 2017

The recent tragic outbreak of fire at the Grenfell Tower in the United Kingdom compels all branches of government to reexamine and reassess the safety measures against fires in high-rise buildings from a broad perspective. Accordingly, this study examined what problems stem from the current evacuation codes by comparative analysis of the high-rise apartment evacuation codes that range over various individual laws before introducing a new evacuation code. The outcome of this study can be utilized as basic data for amending the existing evacuation codes for high-rise buildings. The codes related to high-rise building evacuation include the Building Act, the Housing Act, the Skyscraper Disaster Management Act, and the Fire-Fighting System Act. Some local governments have also drawn up their own codes and put them into practice. Comparative analysis of the major evacuation codes has helped identify a variety of problems, such as different codes being applied to each individual law and ordinance, the use of additional codes other than the provisions of laws and ordinances, and the in effectiveness of evacuation codes. Most of these problems occur when diverse codes are applied to a single building, which means that cooperation among the relevant ministries is urgently needed to improve the related codes in the future.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.560-571
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• 2020

Essential urban services that protect citizens' lives and property such as firefighting, disaster and crime prevention, should be provided equally to all citizens regardless of their location, personal status, and income. This paper analyzes the equality of firefighting services in spatial and social perspective in Daejeon Metropolitan City. For this the accessibility of fire service was analyzed for all settlements in the city. In addition, the distribution status of low-income class and forecasted income each region were compared to analyze whether the area where fire fighting service in 5 minutes was related to the distribution of income class. According to the analysis, the area where fire service can be provided within 5 minutes was 46.2% of Daejeon, and 98.0% of the population lived in this area. The proportion of old-age pensioners living in the area where fire service can't be provided within 5 minutes was 52.7%, reise than the average of 7.14% in Daejeon. In addition, in areas where the provision of firefighting services exceeds five minutes, the forecasted income tends to be lower in areas where service arrival is delayed. Therefore, it can be said that the economically vulnerable people living in the outskirts of Daejeon are not provided with equal urban services, and policy consideration is required accordingly.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.149-154
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• 2019

The stability of firefighting pipes is crucial in the event of an earthquake. In Korea, specification-based designs are used in accordance with NFSC. However, engineering performance-based designs are used for buildings that have special requirements. For firefighting pipes, tree type pipe networks are usually utilized in buildings; however, they are characterized by several limitations. Hence, grid type and loop type networks are being utilized lately. Earthquake-resistant designs for firefighting pipes in Korea utilize NFPA 13 as the cookbook. Nevertheless, an engineering analysis is required to verify its reliability. The NFPA 13 standard used in Korea is a design method for engineers who lack earthquake engineering analysis knowledge of pipes and adapt ASCE and ASME guidelines. Earthquake resistant designs in Korea review braces only. Hence, various analyses under load conditions, such as the internal pressure of a pipe, force exerted by a continuous load, and an earthquake, are required to ensure reliability. An engineering earthquake-resistance analysis showed that tree type pipe networks are less stable than grid and loop type pipe networks. A comparison of earthquake-resistance analysis based on stress and strain revealed that strain analysis exhibited a conservative result value in the range of over-stress. Therefore, for the earthquake-resistance analysis of pipes, it is rational that engineers perform analysis to achieve the required standards through engineering analysis rather than uniform calculations, which should also be analyzed considering various analysis conditions.