• MISULJARYO - National Museum of Korea Art Journal
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• v.97
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• pp.87-104
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• 2020

Myogilsang on Diamond Mountain, signed and dated (2000) by Seon-u Yeong (1946-2009), is the first work by a North Korean artist to enter the collection of the National Museum of Korea (fig. 1a). The donor acquired the painting directly from the artist in Pyeongyang in 2006. In consequence, there are no issues with the painting's authenticity.This painting is the largest among all existing Korean paintings, whether contemporary or from the Joseon Dynasty, to depict this iconography (see chart 1. A Chronological List of Korean Myogilsang Paintings.) It is ink and color on paper, measures 130.2 × 56.2 centimeters, and is in a hanging scroll format. Since this essay is intended as a brief introduction of the painting and not in-depth research into it, I will simply examine the following four areas: 1. Seon-u Yeong's background; 2. The location and the traditional appellation of the rock-cut image known as Myogilsang; 3. The iconography of the image; and 4) A comparative analysis of Seon-u Yeong's painting in light of other paintings on the same theme. Finally, I will present two more of his works to broaden the understanding of Seon-u Yeong as a painter. 1. Seon-u Yeong: According to the donor, who met Seon-u at his workshop in the Cheollima Jejakso (Flying Horse Workshop) three years before the artist's death, he was an individual of few words but displayed a firm commitment to art. His preference for subjects such as Korean landscapes rather than motifs of socialist realism such as revolutionary leaders is demonstrated by the fact that, relative to his North Korean contemporaries, he seems to have produced more paintings of the former. In recent years, Seon-u Yeong has been well publicized in Korea through three special exhibitions (2012 through 2019). He graduated from Pyeongyang College of Fine Arts in 1969 and joined the Central Fine Arts Production Workshop focusing on oil painting. In 1973 he entered the Joseon Painting Production Workshop and began creating traditional Korean paintings in ink and color. His paintings are characterized by intense colors and fine details. The fact that his mother was an accomplished embroidery specialist may have influenced on Seon-u's choice to use intense colors in his paintings. By 1992, he had become a painter representing the Democratic People's Republic of Korea with several titles such as Artist of Merit, People's Artist, and more. About 60 of his paintings have been designated as National Treasures of the DPRK. 2. The Myogilsang rock-cut image is located in the Manpok-dong Valley in the inner Geumgangsan Mountain area. It is a high-relief image about 15 meters tall cut into a niche under 40 meters of a rock cliff. It is the largest of all the rock-cut images of the Goryeo period. This image is often known as "Mahayeon Myogilsang," Mahayeon (Mahayana) being the name of a small temple deep in the Manpokdong Valley (See fig. 3a & 3b). On the right side of the image, there is an intaglio inscription of three Chinese characters by the famous scholar-official and calligrapher Yun Sa-guk (1728-1709) reading "妙吉祥"myogilsang (fig. 4a, 4b). 3. The iconography: "Myogilsang" is another name for the Bhodhisattva Mañjuśrī. The Chinese pronunciation of Myogilsang is "miaojixiang," which is similar in pronunciation to Mañjuśrī. Therefore, we can suggest a 妙吉祥 ↔ Mañjuśrī formula for the translation and transliteration of the term. Even though the image was given a traditional name, the mudra presented by the two hands in the image calls for a closer examination. They show the making of a circle by joining the thumb with the ring finger (fig. 6). If the left land pointed downward, this mudra would conventionally be considered "lower class: lower life," one of the nine mudras of the Amitabha. However, in this image the left hand is placed across its abdomen at an almost 90-degree angle to the right hand (fig. 6). This can be interpreted as a combination of the "fear not" and the "preaching" mudras (see note 10, D. Saunders). I was also advised by the noted Buddhist art specialist Professor Kim Jeong-heui (of Won'gwang University) to presume that this is the "preaching" mudra. Therefore, I have tentatively concluded that this Myogilsang is an image of the Shakyamuni offering the preaching mudra. There is no such combination of hand gestures in any other Goryeo-period images. The closest I could identify is the Beopjusa Rock-cut Buddha (fig. 7) from around the same time. 4. Comparative analysis: As seen in , except for the two contemporary paintings, all others on this chart are in ink or ink and light color. Also, none of them included the fact that the image is under a 40-meter cliff. In addition, the Joseon-period paintings all depicted the rock-cut image as if it were a human figure, using soft brushstrokes and rounded forms. None of these paintings accurately rendered the mudra from the image as did Seon-u. Only his painting depicts the natural setting of the image under the cliff along with a realistic rendering of the image. However, by painting the tall cliff in dark green and by eliminating elements on either side of the rock-cut image, the artist was able to create an almost surreal atmosphere surrounding the image. Herein lies the uniqueness of Seon-u Yeong's version. The left side of Seon-u's 2007 work Mount Geumgang (fig. 8) lives up to his reputation as a painter who depicts forms (rocks in this case) in minute detail, but in the right half of the composition it also shows his skill at presenting a sense of space. In contrast, Wave (fig. 9), a work completed one year before his death, displays his faithfulness to the traditions of ink painting. Even based on only three paintings by Seon-u Yeong, it seems possible to assess his versatility in both traditional ink and color mediums.

• Clean Technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 2001

With fast advancement of fine machineries and semiconductor industries in recent decades, the ultra-cleaning of organic chemicals, submicron particles from contaminated unit equipments and products such as silicon wafers becomes one of the most important steps for further advancement of such industries. To date, two kinds of ultra cleaning techniques are used; one is the wet-cleaning and the other is the dry cleaning. In case of wet cleaning, removal of organic contaminants and submicron particles is made by DIW with additives such as $H_2O_2$, $H_2SO_4$, HCl, $NH_4OH$ and HF, etc. While the wet cleaning method is most widely adopted for various occasions, it is inevitable to discharge significant amount of toxic waste waters in environment. Dry cleaning is an alternative method to mitigate environmental pollution of the wet cleaning with maintaining comparable degree of cleaning to the wet cleaning. Although there are various concept of dry cleaning have been devised, the dry cleaning with environmentally-benign solvent such as carbon dioxide proven to show high degree of cleaning from the contaminated porous surface as well as from the bare surface. Thus, special global attention has been placing on this technique since it has important advantages of simple process schemes and no environmentally concern, etc. Thus, this article critically reviews the state-of-the-art of the supercritical fluid drying with emphasis on the thermo-physical characteristics of the supercritical solvent, environmental gains compared to other dry cleaning methods, and the generic aspects of the basic design and processing engineering.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.103-116
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• 2016

In uncertain future and the rapidly changing environment, it is necessary for companies to do innovative management activity. With business strategy that creates value and vision, The major industrialized countries ensure development of venture & start-up business and business competition by creating various added value through design. Thereby, Companies use design to increase enterprise value, a lots of interests and supports are focused in design industry which pioneer new market with new product and services. Therefore, Companies need more innovative and creative activities, and leads creative companies through developing entrepreneurship. Now, Companies should improve successful entrepreneurship, developing effective process in the organizational level beyond individual level. This research conducts empirical analysis from the individual and organizational perspective of corporate entrepreneurship. This study of design corporate 351 employees in design corporate is surveyed. This research finding is that design corporate employees' entrepreneurial capacity, entrepreneurial attitude and CEO support have meaningful effects on culture and structure. However, The analysis result indicates that this employees' entrepreneurial capacity, entrepreneurial attitude and CEO support have no effects on operation systems, so it is necessary to build the operation systems for activation of corporate entrepreneurship. This study puts emphasis on the needs to raise the level of corporate entrepreneurship and requires ways to improve entrepreneurship for sustainable growth. Also, This study suggests practical implications that it is important to systematic operation systems to actively utilize infrastructure, so it occurs in employees' entrepreneurship not only on the individual level, but also on the organizational level.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 2011

Buddha painting cultural properties couldn't avoid the change of colors and the exfoliation phenomenon by the characteristic of material and environmental factors. Especially, because in the beginning of the fine crack and the decoloration phenomenon on the surface of pigment would be significantly decrease stability of the whole object, it is necessary to take particular measure. Therefore, this is a study on conservation of Avalokitesvara in Potalaka in Hyeondeungsa in Gapyeong. It treated damaged parts of the object, carried out backing papers and matching colors. And then, it examined scientific analysis of pigments. Also, it performed nondestructive testing like XRF, FT-IR, and image microscope to investigate the quality of the material of hanji using the object and the component and characteristic of pigments. As a result, FT-IR spectrum matching Korean traditional paper(hanji) was detected in hanji of Avalokitesvara in Potalaka in Hyeondeungsa. The black pigment making a thin layer over the white pigment would estimate carbon compounds of unconfirmed ink stick or soot as XRF and FT-IR. Also, the white pigment was lead white($PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$) involving Pb(Lead) and a carbonate. It was observed that the crystal of blue pigment had the different sizes of the particles from the microscope. In the case of this blue pigment, it showed cobalt blue and lead white was mixed when it used because both Cu and Pb were highly detected in XRF data.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 2007

This research investigated the effect of different onggi containers (Korean earthenware) on the ripening of kochujang (Korean hot pepper paste). The physical characteristics of 'onggi', were evaluated as function of manufacturing variables such as raw material soils (onggi-specific soil, red brown soil, and fine powdered soil) and galzing treatments. The physical properties were then related to the compositional quality changes of the kochujang fermented at $30^{\circ}C$ for 4 months. The porosity of the onggi containers seems to be increased by the content of finer raw soil rather than the chemical component of soil (amount of CaO, MgO, $K_2O$ and $Na_2O$, acting as melting aid in the firing). Natural glaze was measured to contain higher contents of CaO, MgO, $K_2O$ and $Na_2O$ than the other soils, which is desirable property for the fired onggi. The glazed surface showed higher far-infrared radiation emissivity than the non-glazed part. The kochujang fermented in P0-BG (the glazed onggi from 100 % onggi soil) attained higher concentration of reducing sugar, amino nitrogen and nucleotides compared to those in the other onggis. All of these changes of kochujang in P0-BG resulted in significantly better sensory quality than the other treatments.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2011

This study is the one on space image and preference of stylish hotels. And in addition to them, it is the one to verify the minimal style arrangement in the survey results about verbal image and color image of stylish according to gender and age which are the precedent studies. The research result has found that there was no any meaningful difference in gender and age. And the result which extracted the representative languages to investigate correlationship between space image and verbal image of stylish has done that you feel that space image is stylish recognizing individual, sensuous, simple and urban characteristics. Also, space image and preference has done that there are B Hotel of Robby space, C Hotel of food and drink space and A Hotel of room space and color image and preference has done that there are respectively high brightness and low chroma, high brightness and low chroma and low brightness and low chroma. They are the same result with the minimal style arrangement which was recognized as the most stylish things in the precedent studies. It has found that the respondents recognize space image of Stylish hotels as refined, sensuous and individual one linguistically and space of high brightness and low chroma, low brightness and low chroma and low brightness and low chroma as the stylish things. The purpose of the study is to suggest the new design directions for stylish space display and design marketing.

• Archives of design research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.219-228
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• 1998

Seymour Chwast, who has worked in various fields as in illustrator, graphic designer, and art director since 1950's, opened a new possibility in the field of visual design. Pushpin Graphics, founded by Chwast and his collegues, played a vital role in experimentation based on their creativity and courage. Amazingly enough his field covers Illustration, graphic design, poster, typography, and publication. His works, in which he sa tired people or events severely using his own lanb'Uage styit', appeals public powerfully and is remembered for a long time. He gives various forms to his creative ideas throughout many fields he deals with including caricature, giving all designers fresh and b'Teat inspiration. The fact that Chwast dose not limit himself to anyone style but uses various styles freely indicates his creative thinking process. The Creative Thinking, which is embedded in all his works, is so interesting and tactful that it may fulfill the requirement of the times, which wants to see something new and epochmaking. The aim of this study is to find creativity of Chwast's new visual language and its meaning through the analysis of unique caricatures among his works based on his philosophy, creative work process, and, particularly, creative thinking.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.141-157
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• 2001

In his discussion of some desirable tuning points in comparative literary studies, Henry H. H. Remark has emphasized the importance of literary approach to other forms of art. Understanding the significance of such a method of comparative literature, the present study focusses on three contemporary Korean poets who have transferred Mark Chagall′s paintings into their poetry: Youngtae Kim, Chunsoo Kim, and Sunghun Lee. They are usually evaluated as surrealist/modernist in our literary circles. In transforming Chagall′s paintings into his poems, Youngtae Kim has incorporated a variety of surrealist mosaic techniques such as montage and collage. The resultant peculiarity of his poetry makes it hard to lay bare the correspondence or similarities between his poetic world and the world of Chagall′s artistry. It is nonetheless possible to see how Kim, as a poet and painter, had interpreted Chagall′s world with a bird′s-eye view of it. Chunsoo Kim′s "Snow Falling on the Village of Chagall" relates specially to one of Chagall′s paintings, "I and My Village." The present study has taken notice of this correlation in sorting out some basic elements of poetic transfiguration. One of the techniques employed in the poem under discussion is that of juxtaposing the Russian village of Chagall and the Korean village the poet visualizes, with the effect of putting two national traditions in contrast. A reading of the poem reveals that it is not so much the result of a detailed analysis of the painting as a revival of its lingering impression as a whole. In Sunghun Lee′s poetry, surrealist techniques are again a hallmark. But his method of transferring the images of the paintings into his poems falls somewhere between those of Youngtae Kim′s and Chunsoo Kim′s: it is akin to the ′bird′s-eye method′ of the former and shares the impressionistic touch with the latter, but at the same time Lee is analytical by disposition and opts for concrete descriptions. ′Love,′ ′farm,′ and ′time′ are the keywords that are brought under discussion in the present study. There is a growing demand in the current international comparative literary studies for broadening the area of comparative literature. This study hopes to be a small contribution to endorsing the importance of comparative approach to fine arts.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 2016

In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of hyaluronidase (HAase) inhibition was determined from 92 species of oriental herbal medicine extracted with water and ethanol solvents because of their non-toxicity in the human body. The water extracts of Evodia officinalis (86.8%), Thuja orientalis (80.8%), Carthami semen (66.5%), Melia azedarach (74.7%), Siegesbeckia pubescens (61.3%), Saururus chinensis (49.15%) showed a relatively greater anti-inflammatory activity. The ethanol extracts of Ailanthus altissima and Saururus chinensis demonstrated the highest anti-inflammatory effect at above 90%. Saururus chinensis was selected for its high anti-inflammatory effect in both water and ethanol extract. Ethanol was more effective than water and optimal extraction conditions for phenolic compounds was determined to be extraction with 50% ethanol for 12 hours. The extracts from Saururus chinensis in optimal condition showed 70~80% anti-inflammatory effect when $100{\sim}250{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic concentration was treated. Concentration of above $500{\mu}g/mL$ decreased the inhibitory effect. The anti-inflammatory effect and extraction yield were increased by ultra-fine grind technology, indicating that this method can be used to increase the extraction yield of phenolic compounds from medicinal plants.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

To identify the satisfaction level towards Gwangju regional TV broadcasting company's program, "I Like the Market" and the effect of market vitalization on the market merchants' public relationships, this study carried out survey targeting 256 merchants who are residing at the region. The research results demonstrated that the satisfaction level towards the program and market vitalization via the program exert significant effect on the public relationships. Specifically, satisfaction level towards the program for the vitalization of regional broadcast exert effect in the following order; devotion, relationship and reliability. Meanwhile, market vitalization exert positive effect on the relationship, reliability and devotion, in the order mentioned. This implies that the development of quality program for the regional residents plays an important role in the convergence of regional broadcast and in increasing broadcasting company's brand image. Accordingly, positive interaction via regional vitalization when it comes to the formation of regional broadcast program going forth may be needed for regional broadcast policies.