• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.367-373
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• 2017

Pressurized membrane module systems, including hollow fiber type of Microfiltration (MF) and Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are being increasingly used in drinking water treatment due to their high removal efficiency of pathogen. However, when fibers are damaged in pressurized membrane system, the pathogen will be able to penetrate the membrane. Therefore, it is essential to guarantee the regulatory requirements for water quality by an effective on-line or off-line condition integrity monitoring methods. Recently, pressure decay test (PDT) which is one of membrane integrity tests has been reflected to drinking water treatment plants using pressurized membrane module. In this paper, three different method were used to perform PDT and three different sensitivity values were analyzed through experiments. Three types of direct integrity test methods were applied to pressure feed side, filtrate side and bidirectional pressure decay test. The results of these experiments show that the sensitivity was increasing when the volume of pressurized gas was decreasing. The sensitivity is inversely proportional to the gas volume. Furthermore, it is desirable to increase pressure difference between feed side and permeate side in order to achieve higher sensitivity in the PDT by membrane damage.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.681-688
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• 2009

The railroad bridges have been usually experienced by vibration and impact in service state. With this reason, it is important that the effective strengthening capacity should be considered to resist the kind of service loading. In this study, NSM strengthening technique is recommended for the concrete railroad bridge because of its better effective resistance for dynamic loading condition and strengthening cost than the conventional externally bonded strengthening using fiber sheet. However, to widely apply NSM method for the concrete railroad bridge, it needs that the strengthening ratio has to be reasonably evaluated with geometrical and material uncertainties, especially for the concrete bridge under long-term service state without the apparent design history and detail information such as concrete compressive strength, reinforcing ratio, railroad characteristics. The purpose of this study is to propose the critical strengthening ratio of CFRP plate for the targeted concrete railroad bridge with uncertainties of deterioration of the structures. To do this, Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) for geometrical and material uncertainties have been applied so that this approach may bring the reasonable strengthening ratio of CFRP plate considering probabilistic uncertainties for the targeted concrete railroad bridge. Finally, the critical strengthening ratio of NSM strengthened by CFRP plate is calculated by using the limit state function based on the target reliability index of 3.5.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1084-1089
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• 2008

This study was carried to investigate the proximate compositions, capsacinoids, organic acid of various red pepper (Capscium annuum L.) seeds. Twenty domestic varieties of red pepper seeds cultivated in Korea and four foreign varieties of samples cultivated in New Mexico, USA were analyzed. In proximate composition of the various red pepper seeds, ash content showed a range of $3.11{\pm}0.03{\sim}3.77{\pm}0.01%$, and protein content showed a range of $13.25{\pm}0.01{\sim}16.53{\pm}0.08%$. On the other hand, crude lipid content showed wide range distribution of $18{\sim}30%$ and total dietary fiber showed a range of $40{\sim}65%$. Capsaicin content of various red pepper seeds showed $0.09{\pm}0.04{\sim}5.32{\pm}0.14\;mg%$ and dihydrocapsaicin was $0.00{\sim}2.17{\pm}0.18\;mg%$. Capsaicin content was higher than dihydrocapsaicin content. In the organic acid content, Dangchan, Chohyang and Mixed red pepper seed showed a low range of $1.6{\sim}1.9%$; in contrast, Chunhamujuk, Samgang, Ganggun, Wangdaebak, Chunhailpum, New Mexico 6 and LB-25 showed higher values of over 5%.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.21-30
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• 1989

The U.S. response to increased international competition was examined in the present study in order to have more comprehensive understanding of the U.S. textile and clothing market. The method employed to conduct the study was the analysis of the written materials, interview with professionals, and the survey of the actual situations of the U.S. textile and apparel industries. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Official U.S. textile and apparel trade policy has been quite has been quite protective since 1950's. The protective trend has been embodied in Japan Cotton Textile Export Control (reciprocal trade agreement signed by the U.S. and Japan in 1957), Short Term Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Cotton Textiles, Long Term Cotton Textile Arrangement (1962∼1973), and Multi-fiber Arrangement (1974∼). Other governmental programs designed to improve the competitiveness of the U.S. textile and apparel industries include Long-term Textile and Apparel Products Export-expansion Program, and 807 Trade to take labor cost advantage. 2. Along with the quite protective governmental trade policy, the corporate responses have been made such as new sourcing mixes, investment in technology, specialization in the textile and apparel industries, and recent strategies pursued by retailer's. The apparel industry was subject to pressure from imports that increased at moderate levels, and the U.S. textile and apparel industries have made extensive efforts to adjust to the increasing competition from abroad. The textile and apparel industries have taken steps to increase labor productivity through automation, to speed management to create and introduce new products and new methods, and have lowered indirect overhead costs. Several industrywide promotion campaigns have attempted to establish a greater public awareness of international competition and to develop a preference for apparel produced in the United States. 3. Regarding these response of the U.S. and other situations of world textile and apparel trade market, much of the sense of crisis that pervades Korean textile and apparel industries has to do with the problem of adjusting government and corporate policy. Textile and apparel industry of Korea faces on going pressure to reduce costs, improve quality, increase service, develop new markets, diversify, and differentiate itself from its foreign competitors. The strategies that have been adopted in the past have generally worked in the past, but the time has come to adopt strategies that reflect present conditions. If this is not done, then we stand to lose large segments of these industries, which once lost will not easily be regenerated.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.113-128
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• 2001

Objective : To investigate the effect of BUM aqua-acupuncture in treating the RA, the immunosis to logical analysis of LPS induced arthritis in mice to study this. For 14th day after the injection of LPS & BUM injection, the distribution of fibroblast, collagen, CD54(ICAM-1), CD106(VCAM-1), IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-2 receptor, CDl lb(macrophage) were examined on synovial capsule of mice knee joint. For 14th day after the injection of LPS & BUM injection, the distribucion of CD4(TH cell), CD8(TC cell), CD40(B cell) were examined on common iliac lymph node in mice. Methods : The experimental model of arthritis was induced by injection of 300${\mu}g$/kg LPS in BALB/c mice weighing 30g. The 100${\mu}l$ BUM aqua-acupuncture which compounded calculus bovis, fel ursi and moschus was injected into GB34 of mice every other day for 12 days. For 3rd, 7th, 14th day after the injection of LPS, the neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocytc counts in WBC were measured using hemacytometer. Results : The obstain results are summarized as follows ; 1. In sample group, the neutrophils counts were increased and the lympnocytes counts were decreased compared with control group. 2. The distribution of fibrosis & fibroblast on synovial membrane were decreased compared with control group. 3. The distribution of collagen fiber on synovial membrane were decreased compared' with control group. 4. The distribution of CD54(ICAM-1) & CD106(VCAM-1) on synovial membrane were decreased compared with control group. 5. The distribution of IL-$1{\beta}$ & IL-2 receptor on synovial membrane were decreased compared with control group. 6. The distribution of CDb(macrophage) on synovial membrane were decreased compared with control group. 7. The distribution of CD4(TH cell), CD8(TC cell) and CD40(B cell) in common iliac lymph nodes were decreased compared with control group. Conclusions : BUM aqua-acupuncture stimulation decreased inflammatory responses LPS induced arthritis in mice.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.29-44
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Mori Ramulus herbal-acupuncture solution(MR-HAS) on arthritis of mice induced by Collagen II at Joksamni(ST36). Methods : The author performed several experimental items. First, it is the cell survival rate of mice lung fibroblasts. Second, it is the incidence rate of arthritis and arthritis index of CIA. Third, it is the levels of IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II in serum and the level of $IFN-{\gamma}$, $IFN-{\gamma}/IL-4$ ratio in CIA mouse spleen cell culture. Fourth, it is histological analysis of the mice joint. Fifth, it is expression ratio of CD3e+ to CD19+ cell, CD4+ to CD8+ cell, CD69+/CD3e+ cells, CD11a+/CD19+ cells and CD11b+/Gr-l+ cells and CD4+/CD25+ cells. Results : 1. In the MR-HA, the incidence of arthritis and the arthritis index were significantly decreased. 2. In MR-HA, the levels of IL-6, $IFN-{\gamma}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$, IgG, IgM and anti-collagen II in serum of CIA mice and the level of $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4, $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4 ratio in CIA mouse spleen cell culture were significantly decreased. 3. In histology, the cartilage destruction and synovial cell proliferation were decreased in the MR-HA, and the collagen fiber expressions in the MR-HA were similar with that of the Normal group. 4. In the MR-HA, the expression ratio of CD3e+ to CD19+ cell and CD4+ to CD8+ cell were similarly maintained as Normal group in lymph nodes, and CD69+/CD3e+ cells and CD11a+/CD19+ cells were decreased in lymph nodes, and CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells and CD4+/CD25+ cells were decreased in synovium. Conclusion : These results suggest that MR-HA at ST36 has an effect to control synovial cell proliferation and cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis, as well as prophylaxis is important to treat rheumatoid arthritis in clinic.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.85-94
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• 2016

In this study, the hydrophilic chemical grout using silanol (HCGS) was introduced to overcome the limitations of conventional epoxy resin which have been used for strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Then, flexural tests on the RC slabs strengthened by FRP sheets were conducted. Three slab specimens were tested in this study; a control specimen with no strengthening, and two specimens strengthened by a typical epoxy resin or HCGS, respectively, as a binder between the slabs and the FRP sheets. In addition, an analytical model was developed to evaluate the flexural behavior of strengthened slab members, considering the horizontal shear force at the interface between concrete slabs and FRP sheets. The analysis results obtained from the proposed model indicated that the strengthened specimens showed fully composite behavior before their flexural failure. Especially, the specimen strengthened by HCGS, which can overcome the limitations of conventional epoxy resin, showed a similar flexural performance with that strengthened by a conventional epoxy resin.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2012

We conducted an analysis by comparing the nutritional contents of Auricularia auricula-judae(black), Auricularia polytricha and Auricularia auricula-judae (brown). In nutritional contents of three strains of Auricularia spp., four free sugars, seven organic acids and 24 amino acids were detected. Auricularia auricula-judae (black) was highly contained free sugar, organic acid and amino acid. There was the most prevalent Vitamin $D_2$ content in Auricularia auricula-judae (black) of Auricularia spp. Dietary fiber of three strains showed contents of about 60% but were not significantly different. ${\beta}$-glucan contents of Auricularia auricula-judae (brown) contained the highest contents with $25.21{\pm}0.37%$ and showed significant differences between Auricularia polytricha and Auricularia auricula-judae (black). Total polyphenol contents of Auricularia polytricha showed the highest contents, followed by Auricularia auricula-judae (brown) and Auricularia auricula-judae (black).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.8 s.88
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• pp.1068-1074
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• 2007

Parvalbumin occurs in various types of cells in the retina. We previously reported parvalbumin distribution in the inner nuclear layer of bat retina. In the present study, we identified the parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the ganglion cell layer of the retina of a bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, and investigated the distribution pattern of the labeled neurons. Parvalbumin immunoreactivity was found in numerous cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer. Quantitative analysis showed that these cells had medium to large-sized somas. The soma diameter of the parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells in the ganglion cell layer ranged from 12.35 to 19.12 ${\mu}m$ (n=166). As the fibers in the nerve fiber layer were also stained, the majority of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells in the ganglion cell layer should be medium to large-sized retinal ganglion cells. The mean nearest neighbor distance of the parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells in the ganglion cell layer of the bat retina ranged from 59.57 to 62.45 ${\mu}m$ and the average regularity index was 2.95 ${\pm}$ 0.3 (n=4). The present results demonstrate that parvalbu-min is expressed in medium to large-sized retinal ganglion cells in bat retina, and they have a well-or-ganized distributional pattern with regular mosaics. These results should be important as they are applicable to a better understanding of the unsolved issue of a bat vision. This data will help to provide fundamental knowledge for the better understanding of the unique behavioral aspects of bat flight maneuverability.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.465-471
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• 2006

The chemical components of chlorella powder and quality characteristics (texture, color and sensory evaluation etc.) of white bread added with chlorella powder in order to use as a new functional food material of chlorella powder were examined. The proximate composition was composed of crude protein 61.45%, crude fiber 13.47%, nitrogen free extract 13.15%, ash 6.35%, moisture 3.27% and crude fat 2.31%, respectively. The component of major minerals were P (1,478.94 mg%), K (250.54 mg%), Ca (147.24 mg%) and Na (107.26 mg%) and free sugar was composed of maltose 0.12%, glucose 0.09% and fructose 0.08%. The major amino acids of chlorella powder were glutamic acid(4,009.20 mg%), aspartic acid(3,017.72 mg%), proline(3,055.24 mg%), methionine(3,001.52 mg%) and histidine(2,951.06 mg%). The major fatty acids in chlorella powder were composed of linoleic acid and the amounts of those showed 34.27%. The volume tended to increase according to the addition of chlorella powder. Substituting chlorella powder with flour also resulted in decreased lightness, redness and yellowness of the white bread crust The color of white bread crust became darker as the amount of chlorella powder increased. The texture characteristics of white bread containing chlorella powder was no significant difference. The result of sensory evaluation by QDA (quantitative descriptive analysis) showed that overall acceptability of white broads containing 0.2% chlorella powder were higher than that of control without chlorella powder.