• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.327-336
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• 1995

This study was carried out to develop the animal protein(feed for fry) that was isolated, purified and lyophilized the rumen ciliates from the healthy rumen contents which have $10^5-10^6/g$ ciliates and were discarded in abattoirs. The rumen ciliates are non-pathogenic, anaerobic and the weight of this protozoa is 2% of rumen content. The rumen protozoan and bacterial proteins both have a biological value for rats of 80-81, which is higher than the 72 of brewer's yeasts. Furthermore, the true digestibility and net protein utility of the protozoan protein are 91 and 73, much higher than those of bacterial(74 and 60) or yeast(84 and 60) proteins. The amino acids of rumen protozoa is nutritionally superior than the others. The size of rumen ciliates is $30-200{\times}20-110{\mu}m$ and so we had isolated and purified the rumen ciliates from the rumen contents by the physical methods. The purified rumen protozoa was lyophilized with freezing dryer. The results of this experiment were as follows : 1. Population dynamics of protozoan ciliates in slaughtered rumens; % of samples which small ciliates were predominated was 82.5%(52/63) and that of large ciliates was 17.5%(11/63). 1) predominant species of small ciliates were Entodinium ovinum and E nanellum. 2) predominant species of large ciliates were Epidinium ecaudatum and Diploplastron affine. 2. The lyophilized rumen ciliates which were isolated and purified from 1 kg of rumen content at the pH 6.2-6.8 was about 7.0 gram. 3. The nutrient analysis of lyophilized rqmen ciliates(LRC) was as follows: 1) Proximate analysis of the LRC and the composition of fry feed; moisture 8.05%(below 10.0), protein 35.37%(45), fat 5.39%(4.5), fiber 1.23%(below 2.5), ash 2.25%(below 15.0), Ca 0.26%(below 2.0), P 0.14%(below 1.1), energy 4,608.11(fish meal 5000 cal/g) 2) Amino acids (% in crude protein) of the LRC and the rotifer(Brachionus plicatilis); Arg 5.19%(4.50), His 2.50%(1.55), Ile 5.29%(3.45), Leu 8.11%(5.85), Lys 10.34%(6.15), Met 2.25% (0.85), Phe 5.66%(3.80), Thr 5.14% (3.45), Val 4.18%(3.90), Ala 4.13%(3.35), Asp 13.26%(8.25), Glu 16.62%(9.20), Gly 4.23%(3.10), Pro 3.25%(5.05), Ser 4.85%(3.85), Tyr 5.04%(3.05) 3) Fatty acids(% in fat) of the LRC and the rotifer(biological feed ; Brachionus plicatilis); myristic acid(C14:0) 3.27%(0.3), myristoleic acid(C14:1) 0.83%(-), palmitic acid(C16:0) 39.11% (23.5), palmitoleic acid(C16:1) 2.81%(2.0), stearic acid(C18:0) 9.36%(5.6), oleic acid(C18:1) 25.54%(3.5), linoleic acid(C18:2) 15.05%(32.9), linolenic acid(C18:3) 1.74%(9.8). Judging from the above investigated results, the analytical data of proximate analysis, amino acids, fatty acids of the purified and lyophilized rumen protozoa are reasonable for the feed of freshwater fishes(fry and fingerling). But it was disappointed of our expectation that the crude protein of lyophilized rumen ciliates contains low percentage, it was thought that because of the small ciliates(starch digester) in beef cattle rumens which were administered the concentrated feed, is much difficult to isolate and purify than the large ciliates(fiber digester).

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.838-844
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to perform a functional components analysis and investigate the physical properties of powders made from the stems or fruit of freeze-dried Cheonnyuncho cactus (Opuntia humifusa). The functional components analysis showed that the stem and fruit powders han vitamin C levels of 42.14 mg and 105.21 mg, respectively. The stems powder contained more lutein than the fruit powder. The fruit powder contained more vitamin C than the stem powder. The SDF (soluble dietary fiber) and IDF (insoluble dietary fiber) in the stem powder were 45.24% and 22.15%, respectively, which were higher then the values for the fruit powder. The stem and fruit powders contained 19.30 mg/g and 25.10 mg/g of crude saponin, respectively. The pH of the stem and fruit powders was 5.34 and 5.07, respectively, both indicating low acidity. The L, a and b values of the stem powder color were 78.28, -3.71, and 19.19, respectively. The L, a and b values of the fruit powder color were 55.56, 24.84, and -3.18, respectively. The stems powder had a higher bulk density, water holding capacity, and swelling power than those of the fruit powder, but water-retaining capacity of the stem powder was lower than that of the fruit powder. In addition, the stems powder had a higher viscous material content and water uptake compared to the fruit powder. Based on the above results, we determined that Cheonnyuncho (Opuntia humifusa) powder had potentially useful functional components and physical properties.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.26
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• pp.23-30
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• 2008

In this paper, when the silk fabric was modified by ethylene cyanohydrine, the reaction mechanism between both was studied at various treatment conditions such as curing temperatures and times, ethylene cyanohydrin concentrations and $ZnCl_2$ concentrations. Through the FT-IR and DSC analyses of the treated silk fabrics, we found the results as follows : It was observed in FT-IR analysis of the treated silk fabrics that the -OH characteristic peak($3,450cm^{-1}$)position and shape were all changed when drying and curing treatment conditions were at $80^{\circ}C$ for 3 minute and $110^{\circ}C$ for 2.5 minute, and the concentration of the $ZnCl_2$ was 0.1%. It indicated that the -OH group of the silk participated in the reaction between the silk fabric and ethylene cyanohydrin. From the DSC analysis, it was found that the pyrolysis temperatures of the treated silk fabrics by ethylene cyanohydrin which was processed in the same condition, were all increased from $311^{\circ}C$ to ab. $320^{\circ}C$. From the FT-IR analyses of the silk fabrics treated by ethylene cyanohydrin at the various concentrations of $ZnCl_2$, it was found that the -OH characteristic peaks($3,450cm^{-1}$) were similar to the nontreated one except that of the fabric treated at the $ZnCl_2$ conconcentration of 0.8% when drying and curing treatment conditions were at $80^{\circ}C$ for 3minute and $110^{\circ}C$ for 2.5 minute, and the concentration of the ethylene cyanohydrin was 5%. In the case of the $ZnCl_2$ concentration of 0.8% solution, a lot of change were observed in peak. From the DSC analysis of the treated silk fabrics which was processed in the same condition, it was showed that the pyrolysis temperatures of treated silk fabric were all increased from $311^{\circ}C$ to ab. $320^{\circ}C$, which was no relation with the concentration of $ZnCl_2$.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.265-270
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• 2013

Strength design for a lightweight bicycle frame made of carbon/epoxy composite laminates was studied using Tsai-Wu's failure criterion. For the design of bicycle frames, reducing the weight of the frame is of great importance. Furthermore, the frame should satisfy the required strength under specific loading cases. In accordance with the European EN 14764 standard for bicycle frames, three loading cases-pedaling, vertical, and level loadings-were investigated in this study. Because of the anisotropic characteristics of composite materials, it is important to decide the appropriate stacking sequence and the number of layers to be used in the composite bicycle frame. From finite element analysis results, the most suitable stacking sequence of the fiber orientation and the number of layers were determined. The stacking sequences of $[0]_{8n}$, $[90]_{8n}$, $[0/90]_{2ns}$, $[{\pm}45]_{2ns}$, $[0/{\pm}45/90]_{ns}$ (n = 1, 2, 3, 4) were used in the analysis. The results indicated that the $[0/{\pm}45/90]_{3s}$ lay-up model was suitable for a composite bicycle frame. Furthermore, the weakest point and layer were investigated.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.802-809
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of commercial compound feeds for late finishing Hanwoo steers using detailed chemical analysis and an in vitro rumen fermentation trial. A total of 4 different feeds were selected and used to conduct a chemical analysis for their nutrient contents. The largest variation in nutrients contents among experimental feeds was found in ether extract and the smallest one was found in total digestible nutrients. Commercial feeds C and D had a higher energy value than the others. Even if C and D had a similar feed energy value, the components used to increase energy differed between them (non-fiber carbohydrate [NFC] for C; ether extract for D). In the in vitro trial, no significant difference was observed in dry matter in vitro digestibility and gas production between treatments. However, the highest ammonia concentration (p < 0.05) was observed in C and D feeds. The low acetate to propionate ratio observed in C feeds (p < 0.01) suggested that this feed had high starch based carbohydrates that NFC degrading bacteria used to produce more propionate. It is important to provide nutritional information to farmers so that they can select the appropriate commercial feeds to suit their own feeding strategies. This study might give supporting information to farmers for a more educated, and better, selection of feeds. Further in vivo studies should be conducted to evaluate the effects of different commercial feeds on growth performances in late finishing Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.106-112
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• 2016

In this study, circular concrete column specimens confined by carbon sheet tube with different winding angles and different number of carbon sheet plies(3T, 5T and 7T) were tested to propose design equations and a strength reduction factor. Specimens were designed by 300 mm diameter and 600 mm height with $90^{\circ}{\pm}0^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}{\pm}30^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}{\pm}45^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}{\pm}60^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}{\pm}75^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}{\pm}90^{\circ}$ carbon fiber angles. A 10,000 kN UTM was used for compressive strength test of specimens by displacement control method with 0.01 mm/sec velocity. Estimation equations of compressive strength and ultimate strain of circular concrete column specimens confined by carbon sheet tube using a regression analysis and a strength reduction factor to apply ultimate strength design method of concrete were proposed. The strength reduction factor(${\phi}$) of circular concrete columns confined by carbon sheet tube was estimated as 0.64 by the Monte Carlo Analysis Method. Manufacture and construction process have to be perfectly managed by construction managers because the structural capacities of carbon tubes were depends on construction abilities of manufacturing operators.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.363-372
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• 2020

Dynamic compressive material properties at high strain rates is essential for improving the reliability of finite element analysis in dynamic environments, such as high-speed collisions and high-speed forming. In general, the dynamic compressive material properties for high strain rates can be obtained through SHPB equipment. In this study, SHPB equipment was used to acquire the dynamic compressive material properties to cope with the collision analysis of Woven tpye CFRP material, which is being recently applied to unmanned aerial vehicles. It is also used as a pulse shaper to secure a constant strain rate for materials with elastic-brittle properties and to improve the reliability of experimental data. In the case of CFRP material, since the anisotropic material has different mechanical properties for each direction, experiments were carried out by fabricating thickness and in-plane specimens. As a result of the SHPB test, in-plane specimens had difficulty in securing data reproducibility and reliability due to fracture of the specimens before reaching a constant strain rate region, whereas in the thickness specimens, the stress consistency of the specimens was excellent. The data reliability is high and a constant strain rate range can be obtained. Through finite element analysis using LS-dyna, it was confirmed that the data measured from the pressure rod were excessively predicted by the deformation of the specimen and the pressure rod.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.283-287
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• 2008

The imogolite synthesis wore performed by using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and aluminium-sec-butoxide (ASB) at < $100^{\circ}C$. A mixure of TEOS and ASB in a molar ratio of 1:2 was prepared under vigorous stirring and the experiments were performed under the hydrothemal refluxing condition. When the concentration of TEOS and ASB in solution was 0.5 M, a well-crystallized imogolite was synthesized, and the reflections wore shown at d = 22.4, $9.5\;\AA$ etc., after XRD analysis. DTA analysis shows 2 exothemal peaks at 68 and $249^{\circ}C$, suggesting the dehydration and the dehyroxylation reaction, respectively. The result of TG indicates 41% weight loss. And the weak and unsymmetrical peaks by the Si-O-Al stretching vibrations at 953 and $993cm^{-1}$ and by O-Si-O bending vibration at $562cm^{-1}$ were observed after IR analysis. The synthetic imogolite was fibrous and shows a spiders web like network structure.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1131-1131
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• 2001

To develop a nondestructive quality evaluation technique of fruits, a K-mean algorism is applied to near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of apples. The K-mean algorism is one of neural network partition methods and the goal is to partition the set of objects O into K disjoint clusters, where K is assumed to be known a priori. The algorism introduced by Macqueen draws an initial partition of the objects at random. It then computes the cluster centroids, assigns objects to the closest of them and iterates until a local minimum is obtained. The advantage of using neural network is that the spectra at the wavelengths having absorptions against chemical bonds including C-H and O-H types can be selected directly as input data. In conventional multiple regression approaches, the first wavelength is selected manually around the absorbance wavelengths as showing a high correlation coefficient between the NIR $2^{nd}$ derivative spectrum and Brix value with a single regression. After that, the second and following wavelengths are selected statistically as the calibration equation shows a high correlation. Therefore, the second and following wavelengths are selected not in a NIR spectroscopic way but in a statistical way. In this research, the spectra at the six wavelengths including 900, 904, 914, 990, 1000 and 1016nm are selected as input data for K-mean analysis. 904nm is selected because the wavelength shows the highest correlation coefficients and is regarded as the absorbance wavelength. The others are selected because they show relatively high correlation coefficients and are revealed as the absorbance wavelengths against the chemical structures by B. G. Osborne. The experiment was performed with two phases. In first phase, a reflectance was acquired using fiber optics. The reflectance was calculated by comparing near infrared energy reflected from a Teflon sphere as a standard reference, and the $2^{nd}$ derivative spectra were used for K-mean analysis. Samples are intact 67 apples which are called Fuji and cultivated in Aomori prefecture in Japan. In second phase, the Brix values were measured with a commercially available refractometer in order to estimate the result of K-mean approach. The result shows a partition of the spectral data sets of 67 samples into eight clusters, and the apples are classified into samples having high Brix value and low Brix value. Consequently, the K-mean analysis realized the classification of apples on the basis of the Brix values.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2001

To investigate morphological characteristics of zephyr produced from two bamboo species, Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis and Gigantochloa apus, basic anatomic properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. According to SEM observation, zephyr from Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis was not of uniform in shape and showed macro crack between vascular bundle sheaths. This may be attributes to the sclerenchymatous fibers connected closely, thus resulting in difficult separation of intercellular layer. Zephyr from Gigantochloa apus was of uniform in shape, which may be caused by easy separation of intercellular layer of sclerenchymatous fibers having thin cell wall and large cell lumen. By image analysis in cross section of two species, the ratio of vascular bundle sheaths and cell wall ratio of sclerenchymatous fibers were examined. The ratio of vascular bundle sheaths in Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis was lower than that in Gigantochloa apus. However, cell wall ratio of sclerenchymatous fibers in Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis was higher than that in Gigantochloa apus.