• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.397-403
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• 2015

Heavy metals reduce the photosynthetic efficiency and disrupt metabolic reactions in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, by replacing the metal ions in metalloproteins that use essential metal ions, such as Cu, Zn, Mn, and Fe, as co-factors, heavy metals ultimately lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These, in turn, cause destruction of the cell membrane through lipid peroxidation, and eventually cause the plant to necrosis. Given the aforementioned factors, this study was aimed to understand the physiological responses of rice to cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) toxicity and the effect of essential metal ions on homeostasis. In order to confirm the level of physiological inhibition caused by heavy metal toxicity, hydroponically grown rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Dongjin) plants were exposed with $0-50{\mu}M$ cadmium (Cd, $CdCl_2$) and arsenic (As, $NaAsO_2$) at 3-leaf stage, and then investigated malondialdehyde (MDA) contents after 7 days of the treatment. With increasing concentrations of Cd and As, the MDA content in leaf blade and root increased with a consistent trend. At 14 days after treatment with $30{\mu}M$ Cd and As, plant height showed no significant difference between Cd and As, with an identical reduction. However, As caused a greater decline than Cd for shoot fresh weight, dry weight, and water content. The largest amounts of Cd and As were found in the roots and also observed a large amount of transport to the leaf sheath. Interestingly, in terms of Cd transfer to the shoot parts of the plant, it was only transported to upper leaf blades, and we did not detect any Cd in lower leaf blades. However, As was transferred to a greater level in lower leaf blades than in upper leaf blades. In the roots, Cd inhibited Zn absorption, while As inhibited Cu uptake. Furthermore, in the leaf sheath, while Cd and As treatments caused no change in Cu homeostasis, they had an antagonist effect on the absorption of Zn. Finally, in both upper and lower leaf blades, Cd and As toxicity was found to inhibit absorption of both Cu and Zn. Based on these results, it would be considered that heavy metal toxicity causes an increase in lipid peroxidation. This, in turn, leads to damage to the conductive tissue connecting the roots, leaf sheath, and leaf blades, which results in a reduction in water content and causes several physiological alterations. Furthermore, by disrupting homeostasis of the essential metal ions, Cu and Zn, this causes complete heavy metal toxicity.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.937-944
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• 2010

Cu and Zn can be accumulated in plastic film house soils by long-term application of livestock manure or compost. The mobility and bioavailability of Cu and Zn accumulated in soils are strongly influenced by their chemical or geochemical species in soils. In order to assess the accumulation, mobility, and bioavailability of Cu and Zn in plastic film house soils, we determined their geochemical species using a sequential extraction, grouped into three pods: the total pool, the potentially mobil pool, and the mobil pool. Total contents of Cu and Zn, ranged from 14.9 to 53.1 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Cu and from 55.4 to 169 mg $kg^{-1}$ for Zn, lied by far below the soil contamination standards, but exhibited little accumulation compared with their geogenic concentrations. Mobile contents of Cu and Zn and their percentage of total contents were strongly affected by soil pH in addition to total contents and soil organic matter. Mobile contents of Cu, ranged from <0.01 to 1.71 mg $kg^{-1}$, showed their minimum between pH 5.0 and 6.0 and increased above pH 6.0 to 8.0. In contrast, mobile contents of Zn, varied from <0.01 to 12.4 mg $kg^{-1}$, showed their minimum above pH 7.0 and increased strongly with decreasing pH below 5.5~6.0. Potentially mobile and total contents of Cu and Zn rose with ascending soil organic matter. To assess ecological and toxic effects of Cu and Zn in soils, mobile and potentially mobile contents, as bioavailable and potentially bioavailable pools, should be considered more important than total contents.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.13-21
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• 2017

This study was carried out to evaluate the application effects of fish meal liquid fertilizer on soil characteristics and growth of cucumber for organic cultivation. Cucumber in greenhouse was transplanted on March $31^{th}$ in 2016, and the experimental treatments involve six treatments: No fertilizer, 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L N application by fish meal liquid fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. In the results of soil chemical property, application of 100 mg/L of fish meal liquid fertilizer showed a significant differences in pH, K, and Mg contents. The soil microbial community varied in relation to the fish meal liquid fertilizer treatments. Microbial biomass was lower in the chemical fertilizer than in the liquid fertilizer treatment. Result of principal component analysis obtained from Ecoplate showed that fish meal liquid fertilizer treatments, no liquid fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, and no fertilizer were divided into distinct groups, with the no fertilizer treatment located furthest from the other treatments. There were no significant differences in plant height of cucumber between the fish meal liquid fertilizer treatments and chemical fertilizer treatments. Also, the cucumber yield did not vary significantly between the concentrations of liquid fertilizers, and there were also no significant differences in the yield among the fish meal liquid and chemical fertilizer treatments. In conclusion, it is suggested that the application of fish meal liquid fertilizer can be used as a additional fertilizer for cucumber production with organic culture in greenhouse.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.26-32
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• 2019

An analysis of groundwater quality is significant for monitoring and managing water contamination and groundwater system. For the purpose of those, the geochemical characteristics of groundwater were studied over the concern for water quality, water type and origin of nitrate nitrogen. Total colony counts were detected in 11 out of 20 samples, and the average value was 31.73 CFU/ml. Range and average of NO₃-N concentrations were 0.9~24.0 mg/L and 8.3 mg/L. All groundwater types were found to be Ca²⁺-HCO₃^-. The range and average of NO₃-N were 0.2~17.4 mg/L and 8.7 mg/L, and those of δ¹⁵N were 1.7~8.9‰, and 5.0‰. Careful consideration is required for evaluating the origin of nitrogen when NO₃-N concentration is low. In general, noticeable difference between rockbed and alluvial water was not found. The ranges of nitrate origins by chemical fertilizer, livestock manure and domestic sewage, and natural soil were 29.6~76.4%, 14.2~58.9% and 2.6~7.0%, and the average values of those were 57.4%, 37.4%, and 5.3%, respectively. Origin of nitrate was affected by more chemical fertilizer than the other parameters. Rockbed water was more affected by chemical fertilizer than alluvial water.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.8 no.1 s.15
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• pp.15-25
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• 2002

The study was carried out to investigate the water balance and losses of nutrients from paddy fields during cropping period. The size of paddy fields was 95 ha and the fields were irrigated from a pumping station. The runoff loading was the highest in June because of the high concentrations of nutrients due to applied fertilizer, When the runoff Bosses of nutrients were compared to applied chemical fertilizer, it was found that 39.1 % to 42.5 % of nitrogen lost via runoff while runoff losses of phosphorus account for 14.5 % to 17 % of the total applied amount during cropping period. When the ratio was calculated between nutrients losses by infiltration and the applied of chemical fertilizer, two year results showed 9.1% to 10.8% for nitrogen and 0.5% for phosphorus, respectively.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.50
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• pp.239-247
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• 2023

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in enhancing plant performance and bioactive compound concentrations in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). This factorial pot experiment included nine replications over 120 days of cultivation. Three AMF species (Rhizophagus prolifer, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, and Acaulospora mellea) were utilized as inoculum, while non-mycorrhizal controls with or without synthetic NPK fertilizer were compared. Interestingly, C. etunicatum KS-02 inoculations effectuated the best fruit growth and weight, which were statistically higher than those of the control without AMF. However, only fruit fresh weight was higher in plants inoculated with C. etunicatum KS-02 than those treated with the synthetic NPK fertilizer. In addition, C. etunicatum KS-02 inoculations induced a ≥ 11% increase in DDPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) activity, lycopene content, and carotenoid content compared to the control. This study is the first to report Claroideoglomus species' effectiveness in promoting growth, fruit yield, and bioactive compound production in L. esculentum Mill. These findings substantiate the significant potential of C. etunicatum KS-02 for tomato cultivation without the adverse effects of excessive synthetic fertilizer use.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.760-763
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate foliar treatment effects of organic agricultural materials for the environmentally-friendly cultivation of grape. The organic materials applied were chitosan, wood vinegar (pyroligneous acid), amino acid solution, and ginkgo leaf extract. All the organic materials were relatively strong acidic ranging lower than pH 4.6. when comparing with other organic materials, amino acid solution contained relatively high contents of selected plant nutrients, such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. As comparison of selected soil properties in the grape cultivating field, soil pH values were lower at the harvest stage than at the first stage of grape growing (before treating the organic materials), and electrical conductivity (EC) and soil organic matter content were higher at the harvest stage in the all plots. The concentrations of available phosphorus increased in most of the plot soils except in control plot (conventional treatment). The concentrations of exchangeable K decreased in the plot treated with ginkgo leaf extract and the control plot. The exchangeable Mg concentrations decreased in soils of all the plots. On the other hand, the concentrations of N and K in the grape leaves were higher with the treatments of chitosan and amino acid solution, P concentrations were higher with the applications of chitosan, wood vinegar and amino acid solution, and Ca and Mg concentrations were higher with chitosan and amino acid solution treatments, respectively, than with others. The yields of grape were higher, $1,581{\sim}1,583kg\;10a^{-1}$, in the control and wood vinegar treatment plots than others. Sugar contents of grape were not different among all the plots.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.358-364
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of phosphorus concentrations in fertilizer solution on growth and development of nutrient deficiency in leaf perilla (Perilla frutesens). The nutrient concentrations in above ground plant tissue, petiole sap and soil solution of root media were also determined. Phosphorus deficiency resulted in a slow growth, lustreless leaves, suffused purple tining in older leaves and falling prematurely. Elevation of P concentrations in fertilizer solution increased the crop growth at 75 days after transplanting. The fresh weight in 0, 0.5 and 4.0 mM treatments were 0.48 g, 9.28 g, and 25.5 g, respectively, and dry weights were 0.06 g, 1.46 g and 4.13 g, respectively. The P concentrations in above ground plant tissue and petiole sap in 4.0 mM treatment were 1.78% and $2.040mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, respectively, at 75 days after transplanting. The soil P concentration in 4.0 mM treatment was $1.26mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ when it was determined by the 1:2 (sample:water) method. These results indicated that P concentrations higher than 0.3% in above ground plant tissue, $900mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in petiole sap, and $0.57mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in soil solution should be maintained to ensure proper growth of leaf perilla (Perilla frutesens).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.391-398
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• 2003

Research was conducted to establish the leaf and petiole sap test to diagnose the nutritional status of tomato. The concentrations of $NO_3$, $PO_4$, K, Ca, Mg and $SO_4$ ions extracted from the leaves and petioles in the different positions in a plant were measured and compared with their corresponding inorganic contents in the leaves analyzed by the chemical method. The ionic concentrations in the leaf and petiole sap showed the different values depending on their positions in a plant. The leaves and petioles in the lower positions of a plant had higher concentrations of $NO_3$, Ca, Mg and $SO_4$ ions. In particular, there were greater changes of ionic concentrations and less increases in the leaf length and width from the 9th compound leaf down from the uppermost cluster. On the other hand, the leaflets in a compound leaf had the same ionic concentrations. Therefore, it appeared that the optimal sampling position of leaf and petiole for the sap test is the leaflets of the 9th compound leaf down from the uppermost cluster. A good correlation between the sap test and the chemical analysis of plant showed that the ionic concentrations in the leaf and petiole sap reflect the nutritional status of tomatoes.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.359-379
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• 2005

In order to understand the spatial and temporal variations of nutrients and factors controlling their distribution in Gwangyang Bay, this study was carried out bimonthly from June 2001 to July 2003, Inorganic silicate and nitrate concentrations ranged from $0.04{\mu}M\;to\;69.5{\mu}M(avg.\;12.9{\mu}M)$, and from $0.12{\mu}M\;to\;42.2{\mu}M\;(avg.\;7.83{\mu}M)$, respectively. Silicate concentrations measured just after the typhoon were the highest with an average of $43.2{\mu}M$ at the surface layer in June 2001, whereas the highest nitrate concentration $(avg.\;37.0{\mu}M)$ was observed in the surface layer in July 2003. River runoff apparently influenced variations in silicate and nitrate concentrations (r=0.701 and 0.728, p<0.000, respectively) as well as salinity (r=-0.628, p<0.000). Phosphate concentrations ranged from $0.24{\mu}M\;to\;5.70{\mu}M\;(avg.\;1.34{\mu}M)$ and were highest at stations 5, 6, and 7, near a fertilizer plant with an average of $2.01{\mu}M$. On the basis of N/P and Si/N molar ratios, limiting nutrients have varied temporary and spatially. During 2001-2002, nitrogen was a limiting nutrient in the study area, and Phosphate was limited when a large volume of freshwater flowed into the bay. Silicate was limited when the high standing crops of phytoplankton occurred in the whole study area throughout 2003, and in the inner bay in February and August 2002. During the study period, factors controlling the distribution of nutrients might be summarized as follows; 1) inflow of freshwater by heavy rain accompanied by typhoons and frequent rainfall in summer, showing high concentrations of silicate and nitrate, 2) release of high phosphate concentrations from the fertilizer plant located in the south of Moydo to adjacent stations, 3) release of nutrients from bottom sediment, 4) magnitude of occurrence of phytoplankton standing crops.