• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.371-377
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• 2001

Li was a sweet beverage containing $2{\sim}3$ percents ethyl alcohol made from malt by spontaneous fermentation from ancient custom to fifteenth century. Li was changed to the rice wine being a sweet beverage of low alcohol content using nuruk as starter and the sikhae which is non-alcoholic fermented beverage. Li was made for drinking and ceremony in Korea, China and Japan. It disappeared from the beverage items along with its method of manufacture from malt, but in Korean had made Li using nuruk until recent. We made Li according to Book of Imwon-Keongjae Ji (The book of country economy) methods for reappearance of Li. Fermentation characteristics for the production of Li with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bayanus and Saccharomyces sake were investigated. Among the yeast strains tested, Li fermented with S. sake showed higher alcohol production. Total sugar decreased considerably during the whole period of fermentation(30 hours), while ethyl alcohol content increased at $2.98{\sim}3.52%$. As the fermentation progressed, the pH decreased until the 30 hours of fermentation, while total acid increased during the same period. In fermentation of 36 hours, Li consisted of about $2.98{\sim}3.52%$ of alcohol content, $5.3{\sim}6.0%$ of total sugar, $1.45{\sim}2.21mg%$ of reducing sugar and total acidity were reached up to $24.4{\sim}29.5mg%$ for Li manufactured with S. cerevisiea sake, S. bayanus and S. sake.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제25권1호통권80호
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• pp.35-45
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• 1997

The yellow fungal isolates inhabiting at the cereals (Hwang-Kuk, HK-fungi) were widely collected from the mejus and nuluks in Korea; the meju is a raw material for Korean traditional foods for soysauce and soypaste, and the nuluk is a raw material for Korean traditional rice wine. These isolates, well known as an Aspergillus oryzae producing amylase for Korean rice wine or producing protease for soybeans, were compared with Aspergillus species known. All isolates were microscopically observed to be a species of A. oryzae or its related, but to be difficult to be identified. Thus, RAPD-DNA techniques were applied for these isolates and analyzed with nummerical values using NT-system, or Ecological programs or Factorial analyses. Several common bands of RAPD-DNA in the 28 isolates were synthesized with the different OPD primers and speculated to be used for identification of HK fungi. The HK-fungi isolated were revealed to belong to the group of A. flavus previously defined. Particularly, the isolates collected from mejus were analyzed to be more closed to A. flavus, The species of A. flavus, A. oryzae and A. sojae were grouped at the values lower than those indicating the diversity of species. In other words, these three fungal species were not distinguishable and all isolates known as a HK-fungus were very closed to A. flavus, All isolates were not diversified at groupings of RAPD-DNA, and considered to be not the natural flora at the mejus or nuluks. The meju or nuluk having the above fungi as the fungal flora were speculated to be not termed "Korean traditional foodstuffs".The yellow fungal isolates inhabiting at the cereals (Hwang-Kuk, HK-fungi) were widely collected from the mejus and nuluks in Korea; the meju is a raw material for Korean traditional foods for soysauce and soypaste, and the nuluk is a raw material for Korean traditional rice wine. These isolates, well known as an Aspergillus oryzae producing amylase for Korean rice wine or producing protease for soybeans, were compared with Aspergillus species known. All isolates were microscopically observed to be a species of A. oryzae or its related, but to be difficult to be identified. Thus, RAPD-DNA techniques were applied for these isolates and analyzed with nummerical values using NT-system, or Ecological programs or Factorial analyses. Several common bands of RAPD-DNA in the 28 isolates were synthesized with the different OPD primers and speculated to be used for identification of HK fungi. The HK-fungi isolated were revealed to belong to the group of A. flavus previously defined. Particularly, the isolates collected from mejus were analyzed to be more closed to A. flavus, The species of A. flavus, A. oryzae and A. sojae were grouped at the values lower than those indicating the diversity of species. In other words, these three fungal species were not distinguishable and all isolates known as a HK-fungus were very closed to A. flavus. All isolates were not diversified at groupings of RAPD-DNA, and considered to be not the natural flora at the mejus or nuluks. The meju or nuluk having the above fungi as the fungal flora were speculated to be not termed 'Korean traditional foodstuffs'.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.182-187
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• 2009

경상북도 문경시에서 재배되는 오미자를 사용하여 전통적인 과실주 제조법으로 만든 오미자 발효주, 주기적인 추가 가당 및 건조오미자를 이용한 오미자 발효주의 이화학적 특징과 관능적 특성을 비교하였다. $24{\sim}28$일간의 발효과정 중 4일 간격으로 시료를 채취하여 pH를 측정한 결과 전통적인 과실주 제조방법으로 제조한 오미자 발효주, 주기적인 추가 가당 및 건조오미자를 사용하여 제조한 오미자 발효주의 pH는 $2{\sim}3$으로 큰 변화가 없었다. 산도는 전통적인 과실주 제조방법으로 발효한 오미자 발효주는 2.5%로 유지되었으며 반복적으로 추가 가당을 해서 제조한 오미자 발효주는 3.3%에서 0.8%로 감소하였고 건조오미자를 사용하여 제조한 오미자 발효주는 발효 초기에 0.2%에서 발효 종료 시 9%로 높게 나타났다. 당도는 전통적인 과실주 제조방법으로 발효한 오미자 발효주와 주기적으로 추가 가당을 하여 제조한 오미자 발효주의 초기당이 $24^{\circ}Brix$에서 발효 종료 시 $9^{\circ}Brix$와 $6.5^{\circ}Brix$로 각각 감소하였고 건조오미자를 사용한 오미자 발효주는 $43^{\circ}Brix$에서 $34^{\circ}Brix$로 감소하였다. 알코올 함량은 3가지 방법 모두 발효 종료 시 12%로 나타났다. 효모수는 전통적인 과실주 제조방법으로 제조한 오미자 발효주는 발효 초기에는 5.7 log CFU/mL에서 발효 종료 시는 4.3 log CFU/mL로 감소하였고, 주기적으로 추가 가당을 하여 제조한 오미자 발효주와 건조오미자를 사용한 오미자 발효주는 발효 초기에는 각각 6.5, 6.9 log CFU/mL에서 발효 종료 시는 4.4, 4.6 log CFU/mL로 감소하였다 관능평가에서 주기적으로 추가 가당한 제조방법이 색, 향, 맛, 목넘김, 종합적 기호도의 모든 항목에서 가장 높은 점수를 받았으며 위의 결과들을 종합해본 결과, 오미자는 과실자체에 발효성당이 거의 없고 효모영양원이 적기 때문에 주기적으로 영양분을 가해 준 제조방법이 가장 좋은 방법으로 나타났다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2000

The purposes of this study are to investigate American university students′responses to Kimchi and their preference on different kinds of Kimchi as indicated by a survey and sensory evaluation and to globalize Kimchi. About 400 Indiana University students in IN, USA participated in perception survey of Kimchi, which consisted of 64.8% of male and 35.2% of female.37.3% of all the participants knew what Kimchi was and 30.3% had eaten Kimchi before the survey. The students′responses to the 12 questions about Kimchi were measured on 5 point Likert scale. The item "Kimchi is nutritious and healthy" was totally received the highest point and "Kimchi is a good side with beer or wine" roamed the lowest. Furthermore, gender and the precious visitation to Korea laid an important part in the experiment. As the result of sensory evaluation, the American students preferred Kimchi that made out of soaking Baechu for 3 hours to 5 hours. When the Kimchi was fermented at room temperature(20~22$^{\circ}C$), the score decreased as the fermentation period was increased. However, the scores for the Kimchi preserved in the refrigeratior(5~1$0^{\circ}C$) did not vary remarkably. And the most preferred Kimchi by the students was one-day old. The dishes using Kimchi as the main ingredient are lifted according to the students preference as follows : Kimchi Ramen, Kimchi Mandu, Kimchi Hamburger, and Kimchi Bokumbap, and so on.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.606-611
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• 2009

This study was conducted to develop a high value pear Makgeoly that possessed the physiological functionality of pears and rice. To accomplish this, the effects of the addition of pears on the alcohol fermentation of Korean traditional rice wine, Makgeoly were investigated. The total acidity contents were unchanged for 9 days of fermentation after the addition of pear to the mash, however, it decreased by approximately 0.13% after 9 days. Additionally, the ethanol contents increased to 16.0% after 5 days of fermentation, after which they did not change significantly. The residual reducing sugar and free sugar content were decreased after 7 days and 5 days of fermentation, respectively. The total acceptability was the best in the Makgeoly that contained grated pear after 10 days of fermentation. Additionally, antihypertensive angiotensin Iconverting enzyme inhibitory activity was found to be greater than 80% in all pear Makgeoly, but the fibrinolytic activity, SOD-like activity and antioxidant activity were weakened. Based on these results, Makgeoly that was brewed by the addition of 20% grated pear into the fermented broth from fermentation at $20^{\circ}$ for 10 days has the potential to become a new functional Korean traditional Makgeoly with high acceptability and antihypertensive properties.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.512-518
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• 1996

Eleven strains had been previously isolated from kimchi and identified in our laboratory. The ability of each strain in aroma production was investigated by sensory evaluation. Among them Saccharomyc s sp. YK-17, Saccharomyces sp. YK-18, Saccharomyces sp. YH-3 and Saccharomyces fermentati YK-19 produced fruity flavour. Especially, Saccharomyces fermentati YK-19 produced apple and pineapple-like flavours. Pichia media YK-11, Saccharomyces sp. YK-20 and Pichia chambardii YH-4 produced wine-like flavour. Debaryomyces sp. YK-6, Debarymyces coudertii YK-10, Saccharomyces sp. YK-12 and Pichia haplophilia YH-5 produced alcoholic flavours. Using the good flavour producing strains as starters, various groups of kimchi were fermented, and the sensory characteristics of each group such as odor, taste and total acceptability were evaluated. The acidic odor, moldy odor and taste were reduced by adding starter, while the fresh sourness odor and taste similar to fruity fiavour were increased by starter. Comparing with the control group, these odor, taste and total acceptability were increased in the starter-added groups, such as Pichia edia YK-11, Saccharomyces sp. YK-17, and Saccharomyces,fermentati YK- 19. Saccharomyces fermentati YK-19 added kimchi group was higher siginificantly (P<0.05) than the others at the total acceptability. Volatile compounds of the culture broth of Saccharomyces fermentati YK-19 were analysed by gas chromatography, and 6 species of esters and 4 species of alcohols were identified. Among them, the ester substances which broth largely responsible for the apple-like flavour in the sensory evaluation, were found to be ethyl 2-methyl butvrate, ethyl pentanoate and ethyl acetate.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.120-128
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• 2017

This study aimed to provide volatile flavor compounds of three onion products through thermal process and alcohol fermentation, to meet the quality standard of onion products. The identified components of onion extracts (OE) included 49 (18 sulfur-containing compounds, 5 alcohols, 8 acids, 3 ketones, 4 esters, 4 aromatic compounds, 2 aldehydes, 1 pyrazines and 4 miscellaneous compounds), and 55 (17 sulfur-containing compounds, 15 alcohols, 5 acids, 11 ketones, 3 aromatic compounds, 2 aldehydes and 1 pyrazine) in autoclave-sterilized onion extracts (SOE); and 69 (10 sulfur-containing compounds, 27 alcohols, 11 acids, 11 ketones, 6 esters, 1 aromatic compound and 3 pyrazines) in onion wine (OW), respectively. Among the major flavor classes, sulfur-containing compounds (36.8%), acids (31.3%) and aldehydes (13.6%) in OE were changed to alcohols (46.5%) and ketones (27.3%) in SOE whereas, alcohols (56.3%) and acids (26.6%) in OW. Moreover, 1,3-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone were highly detected in SOE whereas, acetic acid, 3-methylbutanol, 2-phenylethanol and 1,2,3-propanetriol in OW.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.797-803
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 전분 및 단백질 분해력이 우수한 토착 발효종균 Aspergillus luchuensis 74-5 및 Aspergillus oryzae 75-2로 제조한 고체종국의 품질 특성을 조사하였다. 액체종국 접종량 5%와 10% 접종하였을 때, pH는 각각 5.78 및 3.85 이하로, 적정산도는 2.12와 8.54 이상, 아미노산도는 1.15 및 2.66 이상으로 균주에 따라 차이를 보였다. 효소활성의 변화는 발효종균에 따라 증감 패턴이 특징적으로 나타났고, 액국 접종량에 따라 A. luchuensis 74-5는 접종량이 증가할수록 ${\alpha}-amylase$와 glucoamylase 활성은 증가하나 acidic protease활성은 감소하였고, A. oryzae 75-2는 5% 접종하였을 때 모든 효소활성이 가장 높게 나타났다. 발효온도는 저온보다 중온(35, $40^{\circ}C$)에서 효소활성이 우수한 것으로 나타났고, 발효시간은 종균에 따라 차이는 있지만 각각 144시간과 120시간일 때 효소활성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 발효조건에 따른 고체종국의 포자수는 약 $2.0{\times}10^7$, 세균의 오염은 약 $3.0{\times}10^3$으로 나타났으며, 세균에 의한 오염도 저감화 및 효소활성을 유지하기 위하여, 구연산, 종국의 건조법 및 부형제 등의 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2006

상황버섯균사체를 이용한 발효주 (FMLP)가 인체간암세포와 횐쥐 간에서 염증관련단백질의 발현과 간 손상관련효소에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 에탄올, FLMP를 인체 간암세포인 $HepG_2$세포에 24시간 처리한 경우, 대조군에 비해 에탄올을 처리한 세포는 농도가 증가할수록 세포의 형태 변화가 심한 반면 FLMP를 처리한 세포는 알코올의 농도가 증가해도 세포의 형태 변화를 관찰할 수 없었다. $HepG_2$세포의 염증 관련 단백질 발현을 보기 위해 Western blot과 RT-PCR을 한 결과 COX-1, COX-2, iNOS, $TNF-\alpha$의 발현이 에탄올에 의해 현저하게 유도되었으나, FLMP는 $HepG_2$세포에서 mRNA와 단백질의 발현이 에탄올에 비해 억제되었다. 흰쥐를 이용한 동물실험에서 간 기능의 지표가 되는 혈청내 GOT와 GPT양 등이 에탄을 투여 그룹에서 현저히 증가했으나 FLMP를 투여한 그룹에서 에탄을 투여 그룹에 비해 낮게 나타났다. 면역조직화학적 분석에서 에탄올을 투여한 쥐의 간세포에서 iNOS와 COX-2의 발현이 현저히 증가하나 FLMP를 투여한 쥐의 간세포에서 미약한 면역반응이 관찰되었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 FLMP는 동일한 농도의 에탄올에 비하여 간 손상의 가능성이 적은 것으로 사료되며 이 자료들은 상황버섯에 대한 연구와 다른 기능성 주류에 대한 기초 자료가 될 것이다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.835-848
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• 2015

즙장은 중국의 조리서에 수록되지 않은 순수 우리나라 속성장으로 많은 종류가 있었으나, 보존성 문제로 대부분 맥이 끊겨서 전해지지 않기 때문에 조선시대 및 1950년 이전 조리서의 즙장을 조사하여 밝혔다. 그 중 가지와 오이 등의 채소를 넣는 즙장은 34 가지, 넣지 않는 즙장은 9가지였다. 즙장의 주재료는 콩과 밀기울이며, 보리, 메밀도 쓰였다. 즙장메주는 빨리 뜨게 하기 위하여 일반메주보다 작게 만들었는데, 작은 알 형태가 가장 많고, 납작하거나 둥근 칼자루 형태도 있다. 즙장은 메주가루를 소금과 물로 이겨서 담그는 것이 가장 많다. 함께 쓰는 것으로는 누룩가루, 밀기울, 밀가루, 술, 말장, 간장, 엿기름, 탁주 등이 있다. 즙장메주는 용기에 넣어서 띄우는 것도 있고, 넣지 않고 띄우는 것도 있는데, 용기는 섬과 둥구미가 가장 많고, 버드나무그릇, 치룽, 독도 사용하며, 즙장메주의 깔개 및 덮개는 닥나무 잎을 가장 많이 사용하고, 그 외에 짚, 북나무잎, 뽕잎, 가랑잎, 솔잎, 콩잎도 사용한다. 즙장은 다른 장과 달리 말똥, 두엄, 풀더미에 묻혀서 이들이 썩으면서 내는 $60{\sim}65^{\circ}C$의 열로 가열하여 숙성시킨다. 즙장은 맥이 끊기거나 쩜장, 지례장, 무장, 빠금장, 막장, 집장, 토장 등의 형태로도 변하였다. 이들 장은 즙장에서 사용하지 않는 쌀, 엿기름, 고춧가루 등을 사용하고 있는 점에서 다르다.