• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.691-699
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• 2013

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the metabolizable energy (ME) value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of soybean meal (SBM), soy protein concentrate (SPC) and fermented soybean meal (FSBM), and the application of these products in early-weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, four barrows with initial body weight (BW) of $14.2{\pm}1.4$ kg were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 25% of corn in diet 1 with one of the three soybean products, and the digestable energy (DE) and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, four barrows (initial BW of $18.2{\pm}1.5$ kg) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the soybean products as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, ninety six piglets (initial BW of $5.6{\pm}0.9$ kg) weaned at $21{\pm}2$ d were blocked by weight and assigned to one of three treatments for a 21-d growth performance study. The control diet was based on corn and SBM, the two treatments' diets contained either 10% SPC or FSBM and were formulated to same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal. The results showed that the ME content of SPC was greater than SBM (p<0.05). The SID of most AA in SPC was greater than the SID of AA in SBM (p<0.05). For the essential AA, the SID of histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and threonine in FSBM were greater than in SBM (p<0.05). Even though they were fed same SID lysine to ME ratio of 3.6 g/Mcal diets, pigs fed SPC and FSBM diets had greater weight gain, G:F (p<0.05) and better fecal score (p<0.05) than pigs fed SBM diet. In conclusion, SPC showed a higher ME content and SID of AA than the SBM. SID of some essential AA in FSBM was higher than SBM and was similar with SPC. But the lower antigenic proteins and anti-nutritional factors content in SPC and FSBM may be the main factors affecting the performance of early-weaned piglets rather than the increased ME content and SID of AA.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2015

In the present study, offsprings of 14 sows were used to evaluate the effect of fermented milk substituted for creep feed to analyze its effect on growth performance, diarrhea score and blood profiles. The piglets of sows were randomly allocated into 1 of 2 treatments (1 treatment separated piglets of 7 sows). The dietary treatments includes: CF (creep feed) and FM (fermented milk). The CP and FM diets were given from 3 d after piglets were born to the day of weaning (21 d after piglets were born). No significant difference (P>0.05) were observed in number of born piglets, weaning pigs, survival rate, body weight of piglets at d 0, 7, 14, and 21, ADG and ADFI. At d 21, piglets fed with CP had a higher (P<0.05) IgG compared with piglets fed with FM. No significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in WBC among the treatments at d 21. At d 6, piglets fed with CP had a lower (P<0.05) number of diarrhea piglets compared to piglets fed with FM. In conclusion, FM substituted for CP had no adverse effect on growth performance in lactating piglets.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2005

Effects of fermented food waste feeds on meat quality and physico-chemical characteristics of fully grown pigs were investigated. Two treatments were tried in this study; commercial feed (control) and fermented food waste feed(FFWF). Except for much thicker backfat of control, carcass traits, carcass weight, dressing percentage, carcass grade, cooking loss, shear force, water-holding capacity, drip loss, NPPC meat color, and marbling score of commercial feed(control)- and fermented food waste feed (FFWF)-fed pigs were not significantly different. Primal cut weights and meat percentages were significantly different (p<0.05) between control and FFWF. pH of FFWF loin was significantly lower (p<0.05) than that of control. FFWF loin showed higher L*-value and lower a*-value compared to control.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.409-420
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to investigate effects of fermented feedstuff added Saccharomyces cerevisiae(FFSC) on growth performance and carcass grade of growing Hanwoo bulls. Twenty six Hanwoo bulls averaging 230$\pm$24kg were randomly assigned within two dietary treatments which were control and FFSC. Average daily gain and feed intake were significantly higher in FFSC compared with control during growing, fattening and finishing period. Feed conversion was improved in FFSC compared with control during fattening and finishing period. During the whole experimental period, average daily gains were 1.06 and 0.98kg in FFSC and control, respectively, and it indicated that 19% was improved in FFSC compared with control(P<0.05). Feed intake was not significantly different between treatments during whole experimental period. In addition, feed conversion was not significantly different between treatments, there was a tendency to be beneficially increased about 7% in FFSC compared with control. There was no differences on yield traits including carcass weight, dressing, back fat thickness, rib-eye area and meat production between treatments. Marbling score was improved in FFSC compared with control(P<0.05). Appearances of ‘A’ ranked meat quantity were 44.4 and 25.0% in FFSC and control, respectively. Only FFSC had ‘1’ ranked appearance, but there was no ‘1’ ranked appearance in the control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1273-1279
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• 2016

The objectives of this study were to determine an optimal cultivation time for populations of yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) co-cultured in fermented milk and effects of soybean meal fermented milk (SBMFM) supplementation on rumen degradability in beef cattle using nylon bag technique. The study on an optimal cultivation time for yeast and LAB growth in fermented milk was determined at 0, 4, 8, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-cultivation. After fermenting for 4 days, an optimal cultivation time of yeast and LAB in fermented milk was selected and used for making the SBMFM product to study nylon bag technique. Two ruminal fistulated beef cattle ($410{\pm}10kg$) were used to study on the effect of SBMFM supplementation (0%, 3%, and 5% of total concentrate substrate) on rumen degradability using in situ method at incubation times of 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h according to a Completely randomized design. The results revealed that the highest yeast and LAB population culture in fermented milk was found at 72 h-post cultivation. From in situ study, the soluble fractions at time zero (a), potential degradability (a+b) and effective degradability of dry matter (EDDM) linearly (p<0.01) increased with the increasing supplemental levels and the highest was in the 5% SBMFM supplemented group. However, there was no effect of SBMFM supplement on insoluble degradability fractions (b) and rate of degradation (c). In conclusion, the optimal fermented time for fermented milk with yeast and LAB was at 72 h-post cultivation and supplementation of SBMFM at 5% of total concentrate substrate could improve rumen degradability of beef cattle. However, further research on effect of SBMFM on rumen ecology and production performance in meat and milk should be conducted using in vivo both digestion and feeding trials.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.273-280
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented king oyster mushroom by-products diet (FMBD) on the growth performance, blood characteristics, and carcass traits of fattening pigs and its economics. The fermented diet mainly contained 40.0% king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) by-products, 20.0% corn, 28.0% soybean meal, 0.1% supplemental probiotics and 0.08% cellulase. The mixed ingredients were fermented for 1 d at $37^{\circ}C$ followed by 9 d at room temperature, after which they were dried at $45^{\circ}C$ for 3 d. Pigs (n=96) were divided into eight heads per pen, four diet treatments and three replications. The basal diet (C) was substituted with 20% (T1), 50% (T2) and 80% (T3) FMBD. The concentration of crude protein (CP) was significantly higher (p<0.05) at the end of the fermentation period. The average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency were significantly lower (p<0.05) in T3 than C. Additionally, carcass grade was significantly better (p<0.05) in all treatments than C and the ratio of high carcass grade was higher. Although substitution of FMBD decreased growth performance, it improved carcass grade and decreased the feed cost of fattening pigs. Therefore, it was expected that the increase in the utilization ratio of FMBD will reduce the cost of animal production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1742-1747
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• 2012

A total of 96 growing pigs ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc; BW = $26.58{\pm}1.41$ kg) were used in a 6-wk feeding trail to evaluate the effects of fermented chlorella (FC) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood characteristics, fecal microbial and fecal noxious gas content in growing pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted into 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 6 replicate pens (2 barrows and 2 gilts) per treatment. Dietary treatments were: i) negative control (NC), basal diet (without antibiotics); ii) positive control (PC), NC+0.05% tylosin; iii) (fermented chlorella 01) FC01, NC+0.1% FC, and iv) fermented chlorella 02 (FC02), NC+0.2% FC. In this study, feeding pigs PC or FC01 diets led to a higher average daily gain (ADG) and dry matter (DM) digestibility than those fed NC diet (p<0.05), whereas the inclusion of FC02 diet did not affect the ADG and DM compared with the NC group. No difference (p>0.05) was observed on the body weight, average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain:feed (G:F) ratio, the apparent total tract digestibility of N and energy throughout the experiment. The inclusion of PC or FC did not affect the blood characteristics (p>0.05). Moreover, dietary FC treatment led to a higher (p<0.05) lactobacillus concentration and lower E. coli concentration than the NC treatment, whereas the antibiotic supplementation only decreased the E. coli concentration. Pigs fed FC or PC diet had reduced (p<0.05) fecal $NH_3$ and $H_2S$ content compared with those fed NC diet. In conclusion, our results indicated that the inclusion of FC01 treatment could improve the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial shedding (lower E. coli and higher lactobacillus), and decrease the fecal noxious gas emission in growing pigs when compared with the group fed the basal diet. In conclusion, dietary FC could be considered as a good source of supplementation in growing pigs because of its growth promoting effect.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potentials of food wastes as an animal feed. The food wastes from the Inha University and Hanyang University Hospitals were used for this fermentation study. As the additive, approximately 40~50% of dry bean curd dregs and sawdust was mixed for moisture adjustment, certain amount(l/300 of the total content) of inoculum was added into the 140L volume fermenter and fermented for 40~48 hours with the temperature of $46{\sim}52^{\circ}C$ maintained. Fermentation product with the dry bean curd dregs had the lower content of crude protein, crude ash, calcium and phosphorus than the commercial pig feed. Fermentation product with sawdust had the lower content in most components than the commercial pig feed except crude fiber content. Based upon these findings, it was considered that only the fermentation product with dry bean curd dregs as the additive could be used for the animal feed aid.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1594-1599
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• 2005

The effects of long-term feeding of diets based on bermudagrass hay supplemented with lucerne hay cube (LH) or fermented bagasse feed (FBF) on the growth rate, feed efficiency, behaviour, gut development, carcass characteristics and meat quality of goats were investigated. Six spring-born 8-month-old male crossbred (Japanese Saanen${\times}$Tokara native goats) bucks weighing mean 21.6 kg were allotted to 2 treatment groups (3 animals each) and each animal had ad libitum access to feeds, i.e. bermudagrass hay (basal diet)+LH or FBF throughout the experiment. The FBF was produced by the solid-state fermentation of substrates containing dried sugarcane bagasse mixed with wheat bran in a ratio of 1:3 (w/w DM) with Aspergillus sojae. The live body weight, final weight and average daily gain were not different between treatments. Average basal diet intake of goats fed FBF diet was significantly higher than that fed LH diet (p<0.05), but average dry matter intake (DMI; g/day and g/$W^{0.75}$), feed conversion ratio, digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake of experimental diets were not significantly different between treatments. Goats fed on LH and FBF diets had similar eating, rumination, resting and drinking behaviours, and blood constituents except for phosphorus content. Slaughter and carcass weights, net meat percentage [(total meat/carcass weight)${\times}$100], loin ratio [(loin/total meat)${\times}$100] and rib-eye area were not different between treatments. However, goats fed FBF diet had lower dressing percentage and higher bone/muscle ratio compared with goats fed LH diet (p<0.01). Empty gut and guts fill of goats fed FBF diet were significantly greater (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively) than those fed LH diet. The weights of rumen and abomasum were also significantly heavier in goats fed FBF diet (p<0.05), but the length and density of papillae of rumen in goats were not different between treatments. Although meat composition of loin was not different in both groups, the meat of goats fed FBF diet was superior to that of LH diet in flavor, aroma and overall quality of loin (p<0.01). In conclusion, the nature of the diet consumed voluntarily did not affect subsequent growth, nutrient intake and behaviour of goats but had an influence on carcass traits and sensory evaluation of meat partly, when either of LH or FBF was fed with bermudagrass hay.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 1996

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the reuse of sawdust fermented with swine excretion as bed material on the growth performance of pigs. The sawdust which was already fermented with swine excretion in the pig house for eight months was transported to a fermentation facility for secondary fermentation. A total of 96 pigs with average 30kg of initial body weight were randomly assigned in the $2{\times}2$ factorial design with two levels(0%, 1.5%) of probiotics added for secondary fermentation and two levels(0%, 1.5%) of probiotics in feed. The results obtained are as follows : 1. Total-nitrogen(T-N), $K_2O$, total-carbon(T-C), and carbon/nitrogen(C/N) in sawdust bed showed no significant difference within treatments, but phosphate increased by 57% in average compared to the initial. 2. There was no significant difference in temperature in the sawdust bed treatments. 3. The internal parasite eggs detected were Trichuris suis, Strong. ransomi, Ascaris suum, Coccidia and Balantidium coli. 4. The utilization period of sawdust fermented with swine excretion was 52, 26, 16, 4, 5, 3 days, respectively, with increase of body weight. 5. Average daily gain and feed conversion were significantly improved by adding probiotics in the feed(P<0.05), but there was no difference between fermented sawdust with or without probiotics. 6. There was no significant difference in carcass weight and backfat thickness of pig among treatments(P>0.05).