• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2004

전통된장과 공장산 된장 제품, 메주와 Koji, 그리고 된장발효공정에서의 혈전용해효소 활성과 microflora의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 전통된장의 혈전용해 활성은 평균 2.42 unit/g으로 공장산 된장의 평균 1.58 unit/g보다 1 unit 이상 높은 분포를 나타내었으며 전통된장에서는 Bacillus의 밀도가 높았고 acid producing bacteria, 곰팡이, 효모는 모두 공장산 된장에서 높은 밀도를 나타내었다. 된장의 Bacillus group 분포와 혈전용해효소활성은 양의 상관관계를 나타내었으며 fungal group 분포와 혈전용해효소활성은 음의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 메주의 혈전용해 활성은 평균 6.54 unit/g수준으로 Koji의 1.46 unit/g보다 5 unit 이상 높은 분포를 나타내었으며 Bacillus의 서식밀도와 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 된장 발효과정 중 Bacillus와 곰팡이는 휴지 상태를 유지하였으며 혈전용해효소 활성도 담금 초기의 수준을 유지하였다. 결과적으로 된장의 혈전용해활성은 된장 담금 이전의 원료구성에 따라 결정되며, 메주나 Koji에서 유래된 혈전용해 효소는 된장의 발효과정에서도 계속 활성을 유지하는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 실험 결과, 혈전용해효소 활성이 높은 된장을 제조하기 위해서는 메주나 Koji의 제조공정에서 효소활성을 유도하여 된장 담금 시 첨가하는 공정의 설정이 유효할 것으로 제안하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of the study was to isolate gossypol-degrading bacteria and to assess its potential for gossypol degradation. Methods: Rumen liquid was collected from fistulated cows grazing the experimental pasture. Approximately 1 mL of the rumen liquid was spread onto basal medium plates containing 2 g/L gossypol as the only source of carbon and was then cultured at $39^{\circ}C$ to isolate gossypol-degrading bacteria. The isolated colonies were cultured for 6 h and then their size and shape observed by microscope and scanning electron microscope. The 16S rRNA gene of isolated colonies was sequenced and aligned using National Center for Biotechnology Information-Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. The various fermentation conditions, initial pH, incubation temperature, inoculum level and fermentationperiod were analyzed in cottonseed meal (CSM). The crude protein (CP), total gossypol (TG), and free gossypol (FG) were determined in CSM after fermentation with isolated strain at $39^{\circ}C$ for 72 h. Results: Screening results showed that a single bacterial isolate, named Rumen Bacillus Subtilis (RBS), could use gossypol as a carbon source. The bacterium was identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as being 98% homologous to the sequence of Bacillus subtilis strain GH38. The optimum fermentation conditions were found to be 72 h, $39^{\circ}C$, pH 6.5, moisture 50%, inoculum level $10^7cell/g$. In the optimum fermentation conditions, the FG and TG content in fermented CSM decreased 78.86% and 49% relative to the control. The content of CP and the essential amino acids of the fermented CSM increased respectively, compared with the control. Conclusion: The isolation of a gossypol-degrading bacterium from the cow rumen is of great importance for gossypol biodegradation and may be a valuable potential source for gossypol-degradation of CSM.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.15-25
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• 1991

김치 발효 중에 주로 나타나는 Lac. plantarum, Leu. mesenteroides, Ped. acidilactici, Lac. brevis 등의 젖산균들이 김치 발효에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자, 이 젖산균들을 순수배양하여 염도 2.31%의 김치즙에 접종한 후 $30^{\circ}C$, $21^{\circ}C$, $14^{\circ}C$, $7^{\circ}C$에서 발효시키면서 pH및 총산도의 변화, 휘발성 유기산과 비휘발성 유기산의 변화를 관찰하였다. Control group과 Leu. mesenteroides를 접종한 시료, 4종의 젖산균을 혼합 접종한 시효들의 발효온도에 따른 pH 및 산도 변화 경향은 서로 매우 유사하며, 특히 1$14^{\circ}C$에서 이러한 경향은 더 뚜렷하게 나타났다. Lac. plantarum이나 Ped. acidilactici 그리고 Lac. brevis를 접종한 시료들은 control group이나 Leu. mesenteroides, 4종의 젖산균을 혼합접종한 시료보다 더 느리게 pH 및 총산도가 변화하였으며 특히 $14^{\circ}C$에서는 control group과 Leu. mesenteroides 그리고 4종의 젖산균을 혼합 접종한 시료에서만이 발효가 진행되었다. 휘발성산과 비휘발성산의 변화 양상도 control group, Leu. mesenteroides를 접종한 시료, 4종의 젖산균을 혼합 접종한 시료에 있어서 서로 매우 유사하였다. 검출한 휘발성 유기산으로는 formfic, acetic acid뿐이었으며, 이들은 Leu. mesenteroides나 Lac. brevis 등에 의해 주로 생성됨을 알 수 있다. Leu. mesenteroides를 접종한 시료에서 다른 발효온도에서보다 $14^{\circ}C$에서 acetic acid의 함량이 높았다. 비휘발성 유기산은 모든 시료에서 lactic acid가 검출되었고, Leu. mesenteroides를 접종한 시료에서 $21^{\circ}C$와 $14^{\circ}C$에 citric aicd가 검출되었으며 succinic acid는 controlgroup과 Lac. brevis를 접종한 시료에서 검출되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권8호
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• pp.1251-1257
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• 2005

정치발효 중인 식초로부터 분리한 4 초산균주는 모두 단간균으로 flagella가 없으며 쌍을 이루고 있는 것이 관찰되었다. 또한, 3$\%$ acetic acid를 함유한 배지에서 매우 잘 자랐으나 4$\%$ acetic acid를 함유한 배지에서는 JS 21 균주를 제외한 3균주만이 생육이 활발하였다. 그리고 2, 4, 6, 8$\%$ 모든 ethanol 농도에서 4균주 모두 생육이 활발하였다. 분리 균주는 tannin 농도가 증가함에 따라 균주의 생육 유도기가 길어지는 것을 알 수 있었으며 tannin 농도 500 ppm 이상 첨가한 구에서는 산 생성능이 저해됨을 관찰하였다. 분리한 초산균의 탄소원 이용능과 생화학적 성질들을 Hergey's manual에 나타난 Acetobacter 속과 Gluconobacter 속 균주의 특성과 비교해 보았을 때 본 연구에서 분리한 균주들이 Acetobacter 속으로 추정된다. 분리한 4균주를 이 용하여 감식초 사입액에서 6일간 정치 배양하였을 때 5.25$\∼$5.68$\%$의 초산 생성능을 보였으며 배양 2$\∼$5일된 종균을 사용할 경우 배양기간이 길었던 노쇠한 균을 사용할수록 접종후 최 대 산도에 도달하기까지의 기간 즉, 유도기가 증가하였다. 배양 2일된 종균은 1일, 배양 3, 4일된 종균은 3일, 배양 5일된 종균은 4일 정치발효 후에 최대 산도에 도달하였으나, 배양 6일된 종균을 사용할 경우 발효 7일 이후에도 산도 증가가 전혀 관찰되지 않았다. 이러한 결과들로 미루어 보아 종균 배양기간은 2$\∼$3일이 가장 좋을 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구에서 분리한 tannin 내성 초산균을 육종하여 배양특성을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대하며 감식초의 초산농도를 5$\%$ 이상으로 향상시킬 수 있는 종균 확보가 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.343-349
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• 2019

Gul jeotgals (GJs) were prepared using solar salt aged for 3 years. One sample was fermented using starters, such as Bacillus subtilis JS2 and Tetragenococcus halophilus BS2-36 (each $10^6CFU/g$), and another sample was fermented without starters for 49 days at $10^{\circ}C$. Initial counts of bacilli and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in non-starter GJ were found to be $3.20{\times}10^2$ and $7.67{\times}10^1CFU/g$ on day 0, and increased to $1.37{\times}10^3$ and $1.64{\times}10^6CFU/g$ on day 49. Those of starter GJ were found to be $2.10{\times}10^5$ and $3.30{\times}10^7CFU/g$ on day 49, indicating the growth of starters. The pH values of GJ were $5.93{\pm}0.01$ (non-starter) and $5.92{\pm}0.01$ (starter) on day 0 and decreased to $5.78{\pm}0.01$ (non-starter) and $5.75{\pm}0.01$ (starter) on day 49. Amino-type nitrogen (ANN) production increased continuously during fermentation, and $407.19{\pm}15.85$ (non-starter) and $398.04{\pm}13.73$ (starter) mg% on day 49. Clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes were constructed from total DNA extracted from non-starter GJ on days 7, 21, and 42. Nucleotide sequences of Escherichia coli transformants harboring recombinant pGEM-T easy plasmid containing 16S rRNA gene inserts from different bacterial species were analyzed using BLAST. Uncultured bacterium was the most dominant group and Gram - bacteria such as Acidovorax sp., Afipia sp., and Variovorax sp. were the second dominant group. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (day 7), Bacillus velezensis (day 21 and 42), and Bacillus subtilis (day 42) were observed, but no lactic acid bacteria were detected. Acidovorax and Variovorax species might play some role in GJ fermentation. Further studies on these bacteria are necessary.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.22-31
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• 2018

Isoflavone itself is less available in the body without the aid of intestinal bacteria. In this study, we searched for isoflavone-transforming bacteria from human fecal specimens (n = 14) using differential selection media. Isoflavone-transforming activity as the production of dihydrogenistein and dihydrodaidzein was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography and we found Lactobacillus rhamnosus, named L. rhamnosus vitaP1, through 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Extract from Pueraria lobata (EPL) and soy hypocotyl extract were fermented with L. rhamnosus vitaP1 for 24 and 48 h at $37^{\circ}C$. Fermented EPL (FEPL) showed enhanced anti-tyrosinase activity and antioxidant capacities, important suppressors of the pigmentation process, compared with that of EPL (p < 0.05). At up to $500{\mu}g/ml$ of FEPL, there were no significant cell cytotoxicity and proliferation on B16-F10 melanoma cells. FEPL ($100{\mu}g/ml$) could highly suppress the content of melanin and melanosome formation in B16-F10 cells. In summary, Lactobacillus rhamnosus vitaP1 was found to be able to biotransform isoflavones in EPL. FEPL showed augmented anti-melanogenic potential.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.28-35
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• 1999

The effects of addition of celulases (A cremonium cellulolyticus and Trichoderma viride, CE), a commercial inoculum containing lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus casei, LAB), fermented green juice (macerated napier grass with water was incubated anaerobically with 2% glucose for 1 day, FGJ) and glucose (G), and regional difference of ensiling on napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) silage were studied by using 900 ml laboratory glass bottle silos under 30 and $40^{\circ}C$ storage conditions in 1995 and 1996. Experiment 1 was carried out to compare the addition of CE, LAB, FGJ and the combinations. Silages were stored for 45 days after ensiling. Experiment 2 studied the effects of applications of CE, LAB, FGJ and G. Experiment 3 was carried out using the similar additives as experiment 2 except for LAB. Silages were stored for 60 days in the experiments 2 and 3. Experiments 1 and 2 were done in Nagoya, and experiment 3 in Okinawa. Sugar addition through CE or G improved the fermentation quality in all the experiments, which resulted in a greater decrease in the pH value and an increased level of lactic acid, while butyric acid contents increased under $30^{\circ}C$ storage condition in CE addition. LAB and FGJ additions hardly affected the silage fermentation quality without additional fermentable carbohydrate. But the combination of LAB, FGJ and glucidic addition (CE and G) improved the fermentation quality. The effect of the regional difference of ensiling between temperate (Nagoya; $35^{\circ}$ N) and subtropical (Okinawa; $26.5^{\circ}$ N) zones on silage fermentation quality was not shown in the present study.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.270-277
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• 2003

In order to enhance the firmness and shelf-life of kimchi, as well as to increase the content of well-absorbed digestible calcium, the effect of calcium lactate (CaL) treatment of salted Chinese cabbage on pH, tit ratable acidity, total microbes, lactic acid bacteria, alcohol insoluble substance (AIS) content, firmness, mineral content and tissue structure were investigated. Treatment with the Cal solution increased pH and decreased titratable acidity, which was more pronounced at higher concentrations. The edible period evaluated by pH was 7～8 days for non-treated kimchi, 10 days for 1 % treated kimchi, 15 days for 2% treated kimchi and 20 days for 3% treated kimchi. Total microbes were reduced, but lactic acid bacteria counts were higher in the treated group. CaL treated kimchi showed higher AIS content and firmer texture, which was more conspicuous in the 2 and 3% CaL treated groups. Calcium content in kimchi fermented for 15 days was 40.75～41.53 mg%, which is 42～45% higher than that in the control group. The sodium content was 23～54% less in the treated groups. The epidermis and vascular bundle tissue of kimchi fermented for 15 day was damaged more severely in the control group than in the treated group. CaL treated kimchi has a crispier taste and the development of sour taste was delayed. Therefore, addition of CaL can produces a kimchi with high calcium as well as superior texture and shelf-life, when adjusting the concentration according to the fermentation periods.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.162-168
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• 2001

분변과 요구르트에서 10주의 젖산균을 분리하여 이중 6주는 Bifidobactria로 4주는 Lactobacilli로 동정하였다. 이들은 이용하여 8% 증숙밤용액을 발효시켰을 때 발효액의 산도는 요구르트보다는 낮았으나 두유를 비롯한 식물성 요구르트보다는 2배이상 높았다. 산도를 증가시키기 위해 Yeast extract 와 tryptone peptone를 첨가할 때 0.2%와 0.4%의농도에서 가장 높았다. 포도당을 0.5-0.8% 범위의 첨가하였을 때 lactobacilli에 의한 발효액에서는 산생성이 촉진되었으나. bifidobacteria 에서는 그렇지 않았다. 시험된 과일과 채소즙 중에서는 당근즙의 첨가가 가장 큰 촉진 효과를 나타내었다. 25% 밤용액에서는 고지추출액에 의한 가수분해는 젖산생성을 크게 촉진하였으나 가수분해하지 않은 8% 밤용액에서는 젖산생성량과 비교하였을 때 산생성 순증가량은 그다지 크지 않았다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.187-195
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• 2020

To understand the molecular mechanism involved in the survivability of cold-tolerant lactic acid bacteria was of great significance in food processing, since these bacteria play a key role in a variety of low-temperature fermented foods. In this study, the cold-stress response of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum K25 isolated from Tibetan kefir grains was analyzed by iTRAQ proteomic method. By comparing differentially expressed (DE) protein profiles of the strain incubated at 10℃ and 37℃, 506 DE proteins were identified. The DE proteins involved in carbohydrate, amino acid and fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism were significantly down-regulated, leading to a specific energy conservation survival mode. The DE proteins related to DNA repair, transcription and translation were up-regulated, implicating change of gene expression and more protein biosynthesis needed in response to cold stress. In addition, two-component system, quorum sensing and ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters also participated in cell cold-adaptation process. These findings provide novel insight into the cold-resistance mechanism in L. plantarum with potential application in low temperature fermented or preserved foods.