• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.201-212
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• 2003

The heartwood extract of Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb., which contains a potent tyrosinase inhibitor oxyresveratrol, was evaluated for its melanin-reducing efficacy in both guinea pigs and human volunteers. After 4 week-daily application of the extract dissolved in propylene glycol to the back of guinea pigs, significant reduction in melanin content was detected, with the effect greater than 3% kojic acid and solvent propylene glycol (P < 0.05). The extract was subsequently tested in female volunteers (3 groups of 20 subjects) using a parallel clinical trial with self-control. The first group received the A. lakoocha solution in propylene glycol whereas the second and the third group respectively received 0.25% licorice extract and 3% kojic acid in the same solvent. The subject in each group twice daily applied the test solution on one arm whereas the remaining arm was applied with only propylene glycol (self-control) for 12 weeks. The A. lakoocha extract was found to be the most effective agent, giving the shortest onset of significant whitening after only 4 weeks of application (P < 0.05), followed by 3% kojic acid (8 weeks) and 0.25% licorice extract (10 weeks). The whitening effect also increased with time, with the highest extent observed with A. lakoocha at week 12. The in vitro antityrosinase activity of A. lakoocha extract decreased with time upon storage at room temperature but could be stabilized by a combination of several antioxidants. In conclusion, the heartwood extract of A. lakoocha appeared to have promising potential for use as an effective and economical skin-whitening agent.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.40
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• pp.20.1-20.10
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• 2018

Background: In the absence of clear guidelines for facial aesthetic surgery, most surgeons rely on expert intuitive judgement when planning aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. One of the most famous theories regarding "ideal" facial proportions is that of the golden proportion. However, there are conflicting opinions as to whether it can be used to assess facial attractiveness. The aim of this investigation was to assess facial ratios of professional black models and to compare the ratios with the golden proportion. Methods: Forty photographs of male and female professional black models were collected. Observers were asked to assign a score from 1 to 10 (1 = not very attractive, 10 = very attractive). A total of 287 responses were analysed for grading behaviour according to various demographic factors by two groups of observers. The best graded photographs were compared with the least well-graded photographs to identify any differences in their facial ratios. The models' facial ratios were calculated and compared with the golden proportion. Results: Differences in grading behaviour were observed amongst the two assessment groups. Only one out of the 12 facial ratios was not significantly different from the golden proportion. Conclusions: Only one facial ratio was observed to be similar to the golden proportion in professional model facial photographs. No correlation was found between facial ratios in professional black models with the golden proportion. It is proposed that an individualistic treatment for each ratio is a rather better method to guide future practice.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.222-226
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• 2017

Purpose: Celiac disease, an autoimmune enteropathy triggered by exposure to gluten, is not uncommon in South Jordan. However, its prevalence is underestimated due to lack of physician awareness of the diversity of disease presentation. The clinical spectrum includes classic gastrointestinal manifestations, as well as rickets, iron-deficiency anemia, short stature, elevated liver enzymes, and edema. Our goal was to evaluate celiac disease presentation in clinically diagnosed children. Methods: Retrospective study included all children diagnosed with celiac disease between September 2009 and September 2015. Hospital charts were reviewed. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and follow-up were recorded. Results: Thirty-five children were diagnosed with celiac disease during the study period. Mean age${\pm}$standard deviation was $6.7{\pm}3.8$ years (range, 2.0-14 years). There were 17 (48.6%) female patients. The average duration between onset of symptoms and diagnosis was $16.3{\pm}18.7$ months. Fifteen (42.9%) patients presented with classic malabsorption symptoms, whereas 7 (20.0%) patients presented with short stature. Positive tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTg)-immunoglobulin A (IgA) was seen in 34 (97.1%) patients. The one patient with negative tTg-IgA had IgA deficiency. Although tTG-IgA values were not available for objective documentation of compliance, clinical data (resolution of presenting abnormalities and growth improvement) assured acceptable compliance in 22 (62.9%) patients. Conclusion: CD in children may present with diverse picture. Although of the small number, the non-classical presentations are not uncommon in our rural community. Gluten-free diet is the main strategy for treatment and associated with usually correction of laboratory abnormalities and improvement of growth.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.54-58
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• 2014

This study aims to understand some related types (to DiSC behavioral ones) through an analysis about DiSC behavioral types of freshmen at the clinical pathology department in the University. In order to do that, a total of 34 male and female students were surveyed. General characteristics and DiSC behavioral types for the targeted students were analyzed for frequency and percentage. For the frequency, the Chi-square test was performed and the level of significance was set to p<0.05. For the elements to select the university at general characteristics from the result of this study, 21 students were found to have selected the university voluntarily (61.8%). For the information about the clinical pathology department, 14 students were found to be informed through media (41.2%) and 7 students were informed through their parents (20.6%). For the DiSC behavioral types of the students majoring in clinical pathology, 18 students were found to be I type (53.0%), 8 students were C type (23.5%), 5 students were S type (14.7%) and 3 students were D type (8.8%). The relevance between general characteristics and DiSC behavioral type were found to be insignificant. As this study is aimed, there is no significant relevance between general characteristics and DiSC behavioral types, but through an understanding of characteristics of the students majoring in the clinical pathology, helping freshmen who are taking their first steps to adapt themselves to a new environment by diagnosing and understanding their behavioral types, understanding behavioral styles of those four types and guiding them in a positive direction, the method should be considered to raise their satisfaction about the major.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.29-40
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• 2007

Purpose: This study analysed the intention of medical students career choice, educational programmes, and mentoring and counseling system for career planning at Yonsei medical school in Korea. Methods: The data were collected based on four separate graduation questionnaires at Yonsei medical school in the years of 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008. The number of the survey was 130 in 2005, 130 in 2006, 153 in 2007, and that of the latest was 120 in 2008. We analysed the career intention on medical specialties and activities, and perceptions of important factors in choosing medical specialty. Results : The results which can be drawn from this study are these: firstly. students had more intention for choosing clinical medicine as university faculty than any other activities. While male students preferred to major in surgery, neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, urology, otorhinolaryngology, female students in internal medicine, neurology, anesthesiology and pain medicine, diagnostic radiology, laboratory medicine. Secondly, students perceived that the most important factor which can influence on choosing a medical specialty was individual factor such as one's interests and concerns, values, and aptitudes. In stead, they relatively less perceived mentor and role model's effects on choosing a medical specialty compared to those of the United States of America. Third, the career planning at Yonsei medical school was evaluated well, especially educational programmes for career planning such as self assessment programme, elective(specialized) courses, and conversation with a senior programme. Conclusions: Unexpectedly, there are high demands for career planning by medical students. Therefore, we will reorganize systematic devices for career planning such as mentoring and counseling system at medical school.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.9 no.11
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• pp.196-201
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of the apply of lumbar stabilization exercises and lumbar strengthening exercises using Medx machine on back functions such as static balance, lumbar reposition sense, and back pain(VAS) in chronic low back pain. This study divided 30 chronic low back pain patients who experienced only lumbar back pain(male: 5, female: 10) into a lumbar stabilization exercise group and a complex exercise group, and then performed their respective exercise programs for three times a week over a 8-week period. The lumbar static balance, lumbar reposition sense, and lumbar back pain were measured using a pair t-test within each group, and were also compared between two groups using an independent t-test. The results of the present study were as follows: Both groups exhibited statisti cally significant increases after performing their own exercise program in the static balance, lumbar reposition sense, and lumbar back pain(p<.05). However, the comparison of two groups confirmed that the complex exercise group resulted in greater effects than the lumbar stabilization exercise group(p<.05). In conclusion, muscle strengthening and stabilization exercises in chronic low back pain patients are considered to not only relieve back pain, but also improve various back functions.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2019

Purpose: The prevalence of supernumerary teeth has been reported to be between 0.1% and 3.8%. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, clinical significance, and associated pathologies of fourth molars based on a retrospective study and a literature review. Materials and Methods: A 5-year retrospective prevalence study was conducted at the Department of Oral Diagnosis and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology of Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan. The study involved extracting data from the digital records of patients from January 1, 2013 through December 31, 2017. The sampling frame included all patients who had panoramic radiographs, cone-beam computed tomography (CT), and multislice CT images during the period under review. Results: A total of 26,721 cases were reviewed and 87 fourth molars were identified. The prevalence of fourth molars in the 5-year study at Okayama was calculated as 0.32%. The mean age of patients with a fourth molar was 30.43 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 1:0.98. The vast majority of cases were in the maxilla (92%) and had normal shapes(89.7%); furthermore, 82.8% of cases were unerupted. Conclusion: The prevalence of fourth molars in the study population was found to be 0.32%, and fourth molars occurred with approximately equal frequency in males and females. Fourth molars were more common in the maxilla and were predominantly unerupted and small.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.154-162
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• 2018

Objective: The fallopian tubes play a critical role in the early events of fertilization. The rapid innate immune defense is an important part of the fallopian tubes. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), as a part of the innate immune system, plays an important role in detecting viral infections. In this basic and experimental study, the effect of sex hormones on the function of TLR3 in the OE-E6/E7 cell line was investigated. Methods: The functionality of TLR3 in this cell line was evaluated by cytokine measurements (interleukin [IL]-6 and IL-1b) and the effects of sex hormones on TLR3 were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Additionally, TLR3 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and a TLR3 function-blocking antibody were used to confirm our findings. Results: The production of IL-6 significantly increased in the presence of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) as the TLR3 ligand. Using a TLR3-siRNA-ransfected OE-E6/E7 cell line and function-blocking antibody confirmed that cytokine production was due to TLR3. In addition, 17-${\beta}$ estradiol and progesterone suppressed the production of IL-6 in the presence and absence of poly(I:C). Conclusion: These results imply that sex hormones exerted a suppressive effect on the function of TLR3 in the fallopian tube cell line when different concentrations of sex hormones were present. The current results also suggest that estrogen receptor beta and nuclear progesterone receptor B are likely to mediate the hormonal regulation of TLR3, as these two receptors are the main estrogen and progesterone receptors in OEE6/E7 cell line.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.60.1-60.11
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• 2020

Background: Tumor-associated neoangiogenesis is a crucial target for antitumor therapies. Thalidomide (TAL) is a promising anti-neoangiogenetic drug that has recently been used in the treatment of several malignancies in dogs. Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of TAL after single oral administration in dogs. Additionally, the influence of feeding on the pharmacokinetic profile of TAL in dogs has been preliminarily investigated. Methods: Six healthy adult female Labradors were enrolled according to a randomized single-dose, 2-treatment, 2-phase, paired 2 × 2 cross-over study design. The dogs were administered a single 400 mg capsule of TAL in fasted and fed conditions. Blood was collected from 15 min to 48 h after dosing, and TAL quantified in plasma by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography method. The pharmacokinetics of TAL were analyzed using a non-compartmental approach. Results: TAL concentration was quantifiable up to 10 h and 24 h after fasted and fed conditions, respectively. C_max (fasted, 1.34 ± 0.12 ㎍/mL; fed, 2.47 ± 0.19 ㎍/mL) and T_max (fasted, 3 h; fed, 10 h) differed substantially between the 2 groups. AUC and t_1/2λz were significantly higher in fed (42.46 ± 6.64 mg × h/L; 17.14 ± 4.68 h) compared to fasted (12.38 ± 1.13 mg × h/L; 6.55 ± 1.25 h) dogs. The relative oral bioavailability of TAL for the fasted group was low (36.92% ± 3.28%). Conclusions: Feeding affects the pharmacokinetics of oral TAL in dogs, showing a delayed, but higher absorption with different rate of elimination. These findings are of importance in clinical veterinary settings, and represent a starting point for further related studies.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.47.1-47.10
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• 2021

Background: Due to multiple similarities in the structure and physiology of human and pig skin, the pig model is extremely useful for biological drug testing after subcutaneous administration. Knowledge of the differences between subcutaneous injection sites could have a significant impact on the absorption phase and pharmacokinetic profiles of biological drugs. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the impact of administration site on pharmacokinetics and selected biochemical and hematological parameters after a single subcutaneous administration of ustekinumab in pigs. Drug concentrations in blood plasma were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pharmacokinetic analyses were performed based on raw data using Phoenix WinNonlin 8.1 software and ThothPro v 4.1. Methods: The study included 12 healthy, female, large white piglets. Each group received a single dose of ustekinumab given as a 1 mg/kg subcutaneous injection into the internal part of the inguinal fold or the external part of the inguinal fold. Results: The differences in absorption rate between the internal and external parts of the inguinal fold were not significant. However, the time of maximal concentration, clearance, area under the curve calculated between zero and mean residence time and mean residence time between groups were substantially different (p > 0.05). The relative bioavailability after administration of ustekinumab into the external part of the inguinal fold was 40.36% lower than after administration of ustekinumab into the internal part of the inguinal fold. Conclusions: Healthy breeding pigs are a relevant model to study the pharmacokinetic profile of subcutaneously administered ustekinumab.