• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.193-214
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• 2006

This study is focused on the trends in education and polices for women in Korea. First, historical background of education for women in Korea revealed that a biased view of education for women was deeply rooted. Next, several findings such as international comparison of performance on the PISA, TIMSS, and National Assessment including gender differences especially in Mathematical and Science performance were analyzed. In international assessments, female students perform better in reading literacy, but still fall behind male students in mathematical and scientific literacy, and the gap between the genders are wider than most OECD countries. The change in status of women in contemporary Korea is examined focusing on educational system and women's educational and vocational performance, etc. Additionally, policies planned by Ministry of Science and Technology which show the many execution plans for training and supporting female professionals were presented. Finally, possible reasons for gender differences in educational performance is examined and some suggestions are provided to reduce the gender gap in mathematical and scientific literacy of Korean students.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.423-436
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• 2013

This research purports to analyze released items and G4 students' science achievement from TIMSS 2011 according to their academic achievement levels and gender. By doing so, it aims to draw educational implications for Korea from analyses results. Korea showed a lower rate of students at the advanced international benchmark - the highest achievement level - compared to Singapore. The difference was the smallest in Life Science among three content domains and knowing among three cognitive domains. The results of analysis according to gender showed that male students' achievement was significantly higher in Physical Science and Earth Science, and their achievement was also higher in the cognitive domains of Knowing and Applying. From the analysis of the released items, it was revealed that the students' achievement was low in items related to classification of organisms, functions of heart, matters that combust or emit light, and the concept of rotation. Moreover, students drew some illogical conclusions based on their personal experience. Male students were found to show high achievements in items that were not included in curriculum, constructed-response items in the form of short-answer questions, and multiple-choice items in the Knowing domain. Female students were found to show high achievement in items that were included in curriculum, constructed-response items that require reasons and methods, and items that represent experimental situations. Male students showed high achievement in forces concept and movements concept of bodies in the universe, while female students showed high achievement in solubility concept.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.29-45
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to provide base line data required to establish a viable knitwear marketing strategy targeting young people by comparing and analyzing preference and buying behavior of customers in their twenties. A survey was conducted in 2009 and 2013 on people in their 20's male and female living in Busan. The total of 362 people participated in the survey and the results are as follows: Firstly, the seeking factors for knitwear were utilization factor, functionality factor, care for clothing factor, economics factor and vogue factor. Secondly, a differentiated marketing strategy targeting 20-something customers needs to be established as there was a steep rise in the number of customers purchasing clothes on online shopping malls using smart phone devices according to the survey.'Low-price, broad-line strategy'is also required as those surveyed preferred stores offering a wide choice of designs with reasonable price. Considering the survey results that a growing number of people tended to buy a variety of knitwear items regardless of the seasons, knitwear production needs to be diversified in terms of designs and materials. Thirdly, the survey revealed that pastel-colored knitwear was preferred for spring/summer season whereas knitwear with achromatic colors was voted the most-preferred one during the autumn and winter season. In terms of knitwear shapes, the gap between genders continues to narrow and tendency sensitive to fashion trend became more apparent reflecting the change of the times.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.879-889
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the dimensions of clothing benefits sought of male and female consumers in their twenties. It also aimed to investigate the demographic characteristics associated with customers types and the relationship among the related variables by the consumers types. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, one-way ANOVA, Duncan test, cluster analysis, and $X^2$-test. The results of this study are as follows: 1) The clothing benefits consisted of five factors, which were the pursuit of style, individuality, popular brand, vogue, and practicality. Based on these five factors, respondents were classified into four consumer types, which were style-and-trend-oriented, practicality-oriented, popular brand-oriented, and fashion indifference consumers. 2) In terms of the demographics, there were significant differences in age, gender, and total income among the consumer types of clothing benefits. 3) There was a significant difference in single brand loyalty in terms of the consumers types of clothing benefits. The popular brand-oriented group showed the highest mean in the single brand loyalty, while the practicality-oriented group did the lowest. 4) There were significant differences in the selection of the stores among consumers types of clothing benefits. Specifically, the style-and-trend-oriented group the most selected department stores, while practicality-oriented group chose fashion outlets or online shopping malls the most. Additionally, in terms of the information sources, the style-and-trend-oriented group the most frequently used magazine ads, while the popular-brand-oriented group preferred commercials on TV or radio, direct mail, or flyers from department stores. On the other hand, the fashion indifference group the most frequently used mass media.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.431-435
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long term clinical and radiographic outcome and stability after transplantation of third molar with complete root formation. Methods: The subjects were 31 teeth (male 17, female 14, aged 22-55, average 39.9 yr old) of 31 patients who visited the department of periodontics and passed more than two years after autotransplantation procedure and still under regular check up. Modified success criteria of Chamberlin and Goerig was applied to determine the success of autotransplantation. Results: Three out of 31 teeth failed and resulted 90.3% of success rate. When compared according to sex, 15 out of 17 teeth had succeeded in male, 13 out of 14 succeeded in female. When compared the success rate according to cause of extraction, tooth loss due to caries and root fracture had all succeeded but 3 out of 24 had failed in tooth loss due to periodontal disease. When compared according to donor teeth, 12 out of 14 maxillary third molars and 16 out of 17 mandibular third molars had succeeded. Conclusions: In long term evaluation over two years, if appropriate surgical procedure and proper case selection is made, autotransplantation of the third molar with complete root formation can be the alternative choice that substitutes prosthetic or implant treatment and it is a functionally acceptable procedure.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.731-743
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• 2017

Purpose: Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) can cause severe malnutrition. However, relationships between CINV levels, non-pharmacological coping methods, and nutritional status of female cancer patients have rarely been investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze their relationships in gynecologic cancer patients. Methods: Participants receiving a highly and moderately emetogenic chemotherapy were recruited. The level of CINV was assessed using a numeric rating scale. Coping methods were determined using multiple-choice self-report questionnaires and categorized into seven types for statistical analysis. Nutritional status was evaluated using biochemical and anthropometric parameters. Results: Among all the 485 patients, 200 eligible inpatients were included. Despite the administration of prophylactic antiemetics, 157 patients (78.5%) still experienced CINV, and several used nonmedically recommended coping methods, such as just enduring the symptom or rejecting food intake. A total of 181 patients (90.5%) had nutritional disorders. Although the level of CINV was indirectly related to the occurrence of nutritional disorders, patients who rejected food (${\beta}=1.57$, p=.023) and did not use physical measures (${\beta}=-1.23$, p=.041) as coping methods were under the high risk of nutritional disorders. Conclusion: Korean gynecologic cancer patients had high levels of CINV and were at high risk of nutritional disorders, which may be related to the use of nonscientific coping methods, possibly due to cultural backgrounds and lack of proper nutritional program. Therefore, developing a culturally appropriate educational program for the cancer patients with CINV is urgently needed.

• BMB Reports
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.293-298
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• 2022

Antipsychotics have been widely accepted as a treatment of choice for psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia. While atypical antipsychotics such as aripiprazole are not associated with obesity and diabetes, olanzapine is still widely used based on the anticipation that it is more effective in treating severe schizophrenia than aripiprazole, despite its metabolic side effects. To address metabolic problems, metformin is widely prescribed. Hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have been identified as the main regulator of metabolism and energy expenditure. Although the relation between POMC neurons and metabolic disorders is well established, little is known about the effects of olanzapine and metformin on hypothalamic POMC neurons. In the present study, we investigated the effect of olanzapine and metformin on the hypothalamic POMC neurons in female mice. Olanzapine administration for 5 days significantly decreased Pomc mRNA expression, POMC neuron numbers, POMC projections, and induced leptin resistance before the onset of obesity. It was also observed that coadministration of metformin with olanzapine not only increased POMC neuron numbers and projections but also improved the leptin response of POMC neurons in the olanzapine-treated female mice. These findings suggest that olanzapine-induced hypothalamic POMC neuron abnormality and leptin resistance, which can be ameliorated by metformin administration, are the possible causes of subsequent hyperphagia.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.111-121
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was 1) to investigate professional sports fans' perception of immigrants and changes of athletes' nationalities, and 2) to examine how the fans' perception affected the perception of changes of athletes' nationalities. Results indicated that first the fan showed a neutral attitude toward the immigrants. In the results of the regression analysis containing foreign athletes naturalized as Korean citizens as the dependent variable, independent variables (i.e., gender and acceptance) explained 39.1% and 38% of the dependent variable, respectively, within [naturalization positive]. Within [naturalization negative] female fan and exclusive perception of immigrants positively predicted the objection to changes of athletes' nationalities. Lastly, in the results of the regression analysis containing Korean athletes who naturalized as foreign citizens as the dependent variable, fans who were older and rated higher on exclusive perception of immigrants had more negative perception of the dependent variable. Female fans perceived changes of athletes nationalities as personal choice.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.149-171
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• 2017

In this research, based on the fact that spatial ability is important for the achievement in the STEM fields, and technological innovation, Purdue Spatial Visualization Test-Rotation has been used to investigate engineering freshmen's spatial ability and gender differences. Students who have taken advanced mathematics courses in high school(those who have taken type B math test in Korean SAT test) and students with general math courses(those who have taken type A in Korean SAT-Math test) are included in this study to find out the relationship between mathematics achievement and spatial ability. Finding out the strategies taken by students was another aim of this study. This strategic differences between high achievers and lower achievers, male and female students were analyzed from students' self report. Spatial ability test score was highest in the SAT-Math type B male students, decreased in the order of type A male students, type B female students, and lastly type A female students. There was no substantial difference between second and third groups. In each group, male students' average score was 8~10% higher than female students, which affirms 2015's results. The correlation between spatial ability and mathematics achievement was negligible in each group, but male students' math score and spatial ability score were higher than that of female students. This can be interpreted that there is some correlation between these two. Strategic choices can vary in the continuous spectrum with analytic method and holistic method at both ends. From students' self report, using Mann-Witney test, it turned out that there exists strategic differences between male and female students. Male students have a tendency to use holistic strategy more often than female students. I also found that the strategy choice did not vary greatly among all score groups. For the perfect score groups, both female and male students used holistic strategy most frequently. For low achieving groups, there is an evidence that these students overuse one method compared to average or high achieving groups, which turned out to be less effective. Based on these, I suggest that low achieving students need to have more chances to adopt efficient strategies and to practice challenging problems to improve their spatial abilities.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.103-110
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• 1996

Globus pharyngeus is a common problem comprising between 3% and 4% of new otolaryngology outpatient referrals. We do not understand the etiology of globus exactly and it is remained a disease of exclusion. The treatment of globus pharyngeus is still not established. The aim of this study is to understand the etiologic factors and determine the reliable guide for selecting method of choice of evaluation and improving therapeutic response of globus pharyngeus. A total of 141 patients were investigated by authors. 25 of 141 patients were excluded from the study because they could not satisfy the definition criteria of this study. After detailed Interview and comprehensive physical examinations, all the 116 patients had underwent barium esophagogram, fiberoptic esophagogastroscopy, esophageal manometry and 24-hour pH monitoring. They could follow up for at least 3 months. There were 43 male and 73 female subjects and the mean age was 46.5 year. Esophagogram revealed normal in 94(81%) subjects. 78 patients(67.2%) were normal in esophageal manometry. Gastroesophageal reflux(GERD) was found in 24 cases and borderline GERD was found in 25 cases showing an overall incidence of 42.2% for 24-hour pH monitoring. Especially 44(89.8%) of the 49 patients with proven reflux on 24-hour pH monitoring showed therapeutic response whereas 48(71.6%) of the 67 subjects without reflux showed response.