• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.47-61
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• 1997

This study was conducted to grasp the present condition of the name and the related text of the domestic laws (97 statutes, 1 examination, 1 guide, 3 ordinances, 1 leading case) in force which were connected with landscape plant and planting. Examining the general tree-planting system of America, the related foreign laws(1 constitution, 44 statutes, 31 ordinances, 6 leading cases) were arranged in the name and the text and classified by nations of regional groups and it was considered to the mutual relation with lots of laws which are scattered with the various laws. To examine the points at issue of the related domestic laws and to study the related foreign laws, the remedies for the domestic laws being at issue were proposed. That is : A change of the landscape planting concept, the introduction of the landscape planting cost compared with the total construction cost, the unification of the landscape planting ordinances as the unit of city, the clarification of the completion period for the depect of the replaced trees. putting the conservation and production of the top soil under an obligation the adoption of a licence system for the tree planting within the river area, the introduction of the allotment system for landscape architectural expenses, the encouragement of making a hedge, the settlement for the problems of the trees loss compensation, the necessity for the quality test to the landscape planting works, the intensification of the punitive rules to the illegal felling and planting of the trees in the greenzone area, the application of the Labor Standard Act to the landscape planting laborers. The laws relating to landscape plant and planting are prescribed dispersedly in the many other related laws and it is concluded to be impossible for the legislation of the singular law which is applied uniformly to the department of the tree-planting. Hereafter it should be required to analyze concretely in detail the each text of the related laws by means of the joint studies between the professional landscape architects and the lawyers.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.17 no.2 s.67
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• pp.90-101
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• 2007

With increasing development of underground space, underground pumped storage power plants, which generate power by felling water in upper reservoir to lower reservoir, have been continuously constructed. For efficient and safe design, construction and maintenance or such power plants, it is very important to understand in-situ stress and the mechanical properties of the surrounding rock mass at the design stage. The power plant presented in this paper is under construction at a depth of $320{\sim}375m$. For stability evaluation of the structure, in-situ stress was measured by over-coring method. Also pressurementer test and a series or laboratory tests were performed to obtain the mechanical properties. Numerical analyses were conducted to check the efficiency of designed support patterns. The results showed that unstable areas occurred partly in the numerical model, and therefore supports were additionally applied. Finally complete stability was obtained and the following excavation has been operated successfully until now.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.313-323
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• 2006

Forest Canopy Density is a dynamic process mediated by various natural and anthropogenic factors. It can be changed over time and locations in the same forest type and landscape. However, human dimensions are considered as the primary force of landscape change and subsequent forest canopy loss in tropical regions of the world. Many studies have been indicated that roads have a far greater impact on forests than simply allowing access for human use. Similarly, rivers have been used as means of transportation, hence illegal logging and felling further deplete forest canopy density. The main objective of this study was to investigate the spatio-temporal dynamic alterations of Forest Canopy Density (FCD) across with site associated factors such as biophysical, physical and human interferences in tropical region of Nepal from 1988 to 2001. Landsat TM and ETM+ of 1988 and 2001 were used to assess the spatial and temporal dynamic alterations of FCD. This analysis revealed that distance to human settlements at P=<0.01, rivers, human interferences (path and fire) and species composition had a statistically significance at P=<0.05 level. However, other factors did not show any significant relation. So, we concluded that understanding of dynamic alterations of FCD with respect to factors was quite complex phenomena. Other surrounding environment could also playa significant role. A comprehensive analysis could be required to understand such complexities. Therefore, additional factors such as climatic, biophysical, social, and institutional with respect to spatio-temporal variability should be considered for the better understanding of canopy dynamic.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.418-424
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• 2019

Densification is a process for improving the strength properties of wood from the felling of young trees, which is a common harvest practice in community forests. A series of experiments was conducted to refine the process with particular regard to the determination of suitable pretreatment and treatment conditions. Samples of pine and gmelina measuring $23cm(L){\times}20cm(W){\times}2cm(T)$ underwent pretreatment through immersion in a 1:1 $CH_3COOH-H_2O_2$ solution at concentrations of 15%, 20%, and 30%. Samples pretreated with the 20% solution showed the greatest improvement in strength; further experiments were conducted to determine the optimum treatment conditions in terms of temperature and duration following immersion. Test samples with the same dimensions as those in the pretreatment experiment were soaked in a 1:1 20% $CH_3COOH-H_2O_2$ solution and warmed in a water bath. The test samples were then individually hot pressed to the target thickness, which was 30% less than the original thickness and held at $150^{\circ}C$ or $170^{\circ}C$ for 15 or 30 minutes. The treated samples were cut for an analysis of their density, recovery of set, and bending strength. Pine and gmelina exhibited the best characteristics after treatment at $150^{\circ}C$ for 30 and 15 minutes, respectively. The results suggest that the modified densification process had increased the bending strength of the wood, but the temperature and duration of treatment must be carefully considered for different wood species.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.54-68
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• 2000

This study was tried to calculate the stumpage value using GIS technique. Before calculating this price the feasible areas to cut were divided from all forests. The stumpage value per $m^3$ was calculated by the method of calculating back from the market price, according to the working volume of logging unit and clearing a felling area using GIS. The distribution of the stumpage value for the coniferous stands was estimated from minimum 10,000 won to maximum 50,000 won, and for the deciduous stands the stumpage value was distributed from minimum 20,000 won to maximum 40,000 won. The total estimated selling price for the cutting available area (197.3ha) among this study area(250ha) except the cutting limited area was about 1.13 billions won. And the estimated selling price for the korean white pine stands was about 650 millions won, occupied 57% among the total selling price, and for the deciduous stands showed 383 millions won, occupied 34% of the total price, and for the japanese larch was 9.69 millions won, occupied 9% of the total price. But the rigida pine stands showed only 1.22 millions won.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.51-65
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• 1982

The growth characteristics and appropriate fertilizer-managements in the rejuvenating bamboo grove were studied with Phyllostachys reticulata. The bamboo soil was the sandy loam with rich humus. In the fertilized plots, the N-fertilizer was significantly absorbed, and it was necessary to fertilize the K-fertilizer continuously. According to the development of rejuvenating after flowering, the temperature and relative illumination became lower. while the moisture became higher. The relationship between the diameter at eye height (D) and the culm length (H) of each bamboo can be expressed as follow; $H=2.5538D^{0.5031}$ The leaf area is the major factor for the production of the bamboo grove. Therefore in the rejuvenating grove, we should refrain form pruning or felling of not -flowering bamboo. The theoretical distribution of the internodal length was obtained by the distribution curve line of the internodal length derived from the regular distribution curve line. Relatively long and even internodal length was found in the fertilized plots 2 and 4. The relation between $D^2H$ and dry weight of culm or dry weight of the above ground part were given by linear regression in both relations respectively on the logarithmic coordinates, but the propertional relation was not established in these relations. The biomass of the above ground part obtained by the allometry method showed high values in the fertilized plots 2.5 and 6. The appropriate amounts of the three elements, N, P and K for the maximum dry matter were 24.19, 15.51, 8.63 kg/10a, respectively.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.42
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• pp.1-24
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• 2016

The 'fear' in animation has a couple of problems to apply the criteria for identical genre as in movie or literature. First, the mutilation and destruction of one's body and the appearance of monsters and ghosts are not a normal way of expression and could not apply to one genre. Second, the cause of fear comes from the subject of fear which is a reality that is something 'unrealistic' and 'special' and is approachable. This is all possible in a three dimensional world, but animation is not founded on realism. According to this logic, the horror genre in animation or the esthetic experience of animation is not possible. However, many of the powerful images you can see from the horror genre are all created from animation. Therefore, many writers are drawn to the horror in animation and tried to express in many different ways. This study will include the general idea of fear which drives the audience to the felling of fear and terror but we will mainly focus on the three types of fear - ghost story, cannibalism, and madness - and discover the meaning of fear used in animation. Through this process, we anticipate that fear in animation is not just for pure amusement, but will be able to investigate the meaning of fear philosophically even if the hidden side of reality is terrifying.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.146-165
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• 1999

The purpose of this paper was to identify the performance of health promoting lifestyles and health perception over 18 years old women living Wonju city so that the results will be based for setting up women's health nursing center. The subjects were 1080 women selected by stratified and purposive sampling. The data were collected by self reporting questionnaire and interview from May to June, 1998. Data were analyzed by SPSS win program. The results were as follows : 1. The range of age was 18-84 years, The proportion according to women's lifecycle was premarital group 20.0%, delivery and rearing group 49.9%, over middle aged-elderly group 29.8%. 2. The mean menarchial age was 15.2 and menopausal age was 48. Mean frequenices of pregnancy is 2.4 and artificical abortion rate is 36.4%. Primary cause of abortion was unwanted babies 42.8%. The practice rate of family planning was 79.4% and permanent sterilization rate was 37.6%. 3. Fatigue was predominated problem in target population. Depression and headache was predominated in premarital group, headache and nervous felling in delivery and rearing group, arthritis and loss of memory in over middle aged-elderly group. 4. Only 13.7% of the target population make some efforts for their health in compare to 85.9% have attention for their health. Perception of unhealthy rate was 9.1% in premarital group, 24.8% in delivery and rearing group, 30.1% in middle aged-elderly group. 5. The average score of the HPLP(Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile) was 2.41. The variable with the highest degree of performance was interpersonal relationship, whereas the one with the lowest degree was the professional health maintenance. The significant difference was found in HPLP according to age, residential area, marital status, educational level, income level. 6. Majority(95.1%) of the target population agreed on necessity for women's health nursing center. Proper location area was presented to women's center and public health center. The priority for health education program was proper diet, family health, stress management, and exercise. In conclusion, we should prepare the education program for women's health according to women's lifecycle, because health perception, HPLP, and education program needed was differentiated in women's lifecycle. Also we suggest that women's health nursing center based community was needed for proper management of women's health.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.3
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• pp.348-356
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• 2008

There is the need of regulating chestnut production because of being expected with chestnut trees cultivation farmhouses to be in a difficult situation by means of FTA negotiation promotion hereafter in Korea. And this study is aim to establish compensation criteria and plan for depreciation of income of farmers who take part in chestnut production regulation. We surveyed one hundred and thirty three among chestnut trees cultivation farmhouses in chief producing districts Kyung-nam, Jeon-nam and Chung-nam in Korea. As the result of this study, this study showed compensation criteria and plans for depreciation of income for farmers's participate in chestnut production regulation and showed criteria for closing chestnut old tree orchard and working process of cutting chestnut old tree. Procedures in closing chestnut old tree orchard in a day per hecta were felling operation and crude manufacture of thirty trees per one man, five forklains in loading and unloading chestnut log from a truck and building of workroad, the two number of assistance persons in loading and unloading chestnut log from a truck, the 6.94 trucks in carrying chestnut log. After farmers close chestnut trees orchard, government cost of old trees cuts and net income decrease for 3 years in case of planting trees for landscape and environment preservation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.750-763
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• 2000

This study is based on grounded theory methodology by Strauss & Corbin(1998). Ten hospitalized subjects were interviewed for data collection. In the process of data analysis, 'acceptance' is found to be the causal condition, while 'health professionals' skillfulness', 'ward environment', 'history of hospitalization', and 'general conditions' were identified as context, 'felling of relief' as the core phenomenon, 'self-efficacy', 'support of others', and 'life style' as the intermediate situation, 'passive reaction', 'alternative reaction' and 'active reaction' as the strategy and 'stabilization', 'satisfaction', 'hope' and 'carrying out' as consequences. 'Feeling of relief' is found to go through the three stages of recognition-generation-maintenance after the five different patterns. 1) In case the health professionals are skillful, the ward environment is favorable, the general conditions of the patients improved and as a result the feeling of relief is strong, during the first hospitalization, the self-efficacy of the subjects tends to be strong. They proceed toward the goal set for themselves with a renewed hope and active or alternative reaction toward the feeling of relief. 2) The subjects tend to proceed toward the goal set for themselves with a renewed hope and active and alternative reaction toward the feeling of relief in case health professionals are skillful, the ward environment is favorable the general conditions of the subjects improved, self-efficacy is strong, and lifestyle is autonomous, during the second hospitalization even though support of others is merely superficial. 3) The subjects tend to stabilize, and satisfy themselves with the given situation with passive and alternative reaction to the feeling of relief in case health professionals are skillful and the ward environment is favorable but the general conditions worsened and accordingly the feeling of relief, is weak and life style is dependent during the second hospitalization although the subjects' self-efficacy is strong and support of others is specific. 4) The subjects tend to stabilize and satisfy themselves with the given situation with passive and alternative reaction to the feeling of relief in case health professionals are unskillful the ward environment is unfavorable, the general conditions improved, support of others is specific but life style is dependent and self-efficacy is weak during the first hospitalization. 5) The subjects tend to stabilize and satisfy themselves with the given situation in case health professionals are unskillful the ward environment is unfavorable but the general conditions improved support of others is specific and as a result self-efficacy is strong but life style is dependent.