• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.230-235
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• 2020

Objective: This study was realized to evaluate the nutritional value of rice grains as a replacement for corn grains in the diet of growing Hanwoo steers. Methods: Two experimental diets were prepared: i) Corn total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of 20% corn grains and ii) Rice TMR consisting of 20% rice grains, in a dry matter (DM) basis. These treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation and in vivo growth trials. In the rumen fermentation experiment, the in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility, pH, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were estimated at 48 h, and the gas production was measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Twenty four growing Hanwoo steers (9 months old; body weight [BW]: 259±13 kg) were randomly divided into two treatment groups and the BW, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. Results: The in vitro experiment showed that the IVDMD, IVCPD, and VFA production of the Rice TMR were higher than those of the Corn TMR (p<0.05). The growth trial showed no differences (p>0.05) in the final BW, ADG, DMI, and FCR between the two TMRs. Conclusion: The use of rice grains instead of corn grains did not exhibit any negative effects on the rumen fermentation or growth performance, thereby rice grains with a DM of less than 20% could be used as a starch source in the diet of growing steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권12호
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• pp.1702-1710
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• 2017

Objective: The study examined the effect of condensed tannins (CT) containing Ficus infectoria and Psidium guajava leaf meal mixture (LMM) supplementation on nutrient metabolism, methane emission and performance of lambs. Methods: Twenty four lambs of ~6 months age (average body weight $10.1{\pm}0.60kg$) were randomly divided into 4 dietary treatments (CT-0, CT-1, CT-1.5, and CT-2 containing 0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 percent CT through LMM, respectively) consisting of 6 lambs each in a completely randomized design. All the lambs were offered a basal diet of wheat straw ad libitum, oat hay (100 g/d) along with required amount of concentrate mixture to meet their nutrient requirements for a period of 6 months. After 3 months of experimental feeding, a metabolism trial of 6 days duration was conducted on all 24 lambs to determine nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. Urinary excretion of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis were determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Respiration chamber study was started at the mid of 5th month of experimental feeding trial. Whole energy balance trials were conducted on individual lamb one after the other, in an open circuit respiration calorimeter. Results: Intake of dry matter and organic matter (g/d) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in CT-1.5 than control. Digestibility of various nutrients did not differ irrespective of treatments. Nitrogen retention and microbial nitrogen synthesis (g/d) was significantly (p<0.01) higher in CT-1.5 and CT-2 groups relative to CT-0.Total body weight gain (kg) and average daily gain (g) were significantly (linear, p<0.01) higher in CT-1.5 followed by CT-1 and CT-0, respectively. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) by lambs was significantly (linear, p<0.01) better in CT-1.5 followed by CT-2 and CT-0, respectively. Total wool yield (g; g/d) was linearly (p<0.05) higher for CT-1.5 than CT-0. Methane emission was linearly decreased (p<0.05) in CT groups and reduction was highest (p<0.01) in CT-2 followed by CT-1.5 and CT-1. Methane energy (kcal/d) was linearly decreased (p<0.05) in CT groups. Conclusion: The CT supplementation at 1% to 2% of the diet through Ficus infectoria and Psidium guajava LMM significantly improved nitrogen metabolism, growth performance, wool yield, FCR and reduced methane emission by lambs.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.165-175
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• 1994

육상에서 틸라피아를 양식할 때 문제가 되는 질소 및 인의 부하량을 측정하기 위하여, 시판되는 상품 사료로 치어와 미성어를 사육하여 사료 중 영양 성분의 소화율과 분의 배설량 등을 통해 환경수계에 미치는 오염 부하량을 추정하였다. 시판되는 틸라피아 사료의 단백질 함량은 평균 $33.8\%$ (질소 함량 $5.4\%$)였고, 인 함량은 평균 $1.4\%$였으며, 사료 공급후 24 시간내에 총 분 배설량의 $60\%$가 배설되었다. 틸라피아 치어 (평균 어체중 65.2g) 및 미성어 (평균 어체중 389g)좌 단백질 소화율 및 인의 소화율은 거의 차이가 없었으나, 지방의 소화율은 치어가 높았다. 질소 수지는 치어와 미성어의 경우, 공급한 질소의 $7.1\%$와 $9.9\%$를 분으로 배설하였고 뇨와 아가미를 통하여는 각각 $55.5\%$와 $62.3\%$를 배설하여, 어체에는 각각 $37.4\%$와 $27.8\%$를 축적하였다. 따라서 성장함에 따라 질소의 축적량은 줄면서 배설량은 늘어나는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 치어 1 톤 생산당 질소 및 인 부하량은 평균 49.5 kg과 6.3 kg 이였고 미성어의 경우 61.3kg과 13.4kg으로 어체 크기가 클수록 오염 부하량도 많아졌다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.1711-1724
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• 2022

Objective: The present study was to evaluate the effects of different rapeseed meal substitution (RSM) and glutamine (Gln) supplementation on growth performance, intestine morphology, and intestinal mucosa barrier of broilers. Methods: Four hundred and twenty Qiandongnan Xiaoxiang Chicken at 1 day of age with similar weight were chosen and were randomly assigned into 7 groups, consisting of 10 replicates per group and 6 broilers per replicate. Three groups were provided with diets separately containing 0%, 10%, and 20% RSM, and the other four groups were fed with diets separately supplemented with 0.5% and 1% Gln based on the inclusion of 10% and 20% RSM. At 21 and 42 days of age, 10 broilers per group were chosen to collect plasma and intestinal samples for further analysis. Results: The results showed that 10% RSM decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily weight gain (ADG) of broilers at 21 days of age (p<0.05). Furthermore, both ADFI and ADG of broilers at 21 and 42 days of age were decreased by 20% RSM, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) was increased (p<0.05). Besides, 10% RSM resulted in lower intestinal villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth, deeper crypt depth (p<0.05), combined with the lower mRNA expressions of occludin, claudin-1, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in broilers at 21 days of age (p<0.05). Similar results were also observed in broilers at 21 and 42 days of age fed with 20% RSM. However, 1% Gln improved the growth performance of broilers fed with 10% and 20% RSM (p<0.05), ameliorated intestine morphology and elevated mRNA expressions of occludin, claudin-1 and ZO-1 (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the increasing inclusion of RSM resulted in more serious effects on broilers, however, 1.0% Gln could reverse the negative effects induced by the inclusion of RSM.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.1642-1649
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytase supplementation on the growth performance, nutrients utilization and bone mineralization in broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chicks (n=480) were equally devided into eight treatment groups and fed maize or wheat based isocaloric, isonitrogenous and isocalcium diets having two non phytate phosphorus (NPP) concentrations (0.50% and 0.30%) and two phytase levels (0 and 500 phytase units/kg diet) in a 42 days growth trial. Maize based dietary treatments were MC (NPP 0.50%, MN (NPP 0.30%), MNP (MN+500 units of phytase) and MCP (MC+500 units of phytase), whereas wheat based experimental diets were WC (NPP 0.50%), WN (NPP 0.30%), WNP (WN+500 units of phytase) and WCP (WC+500 units of phytase). The NPP levels were maintained by dicalcium phosphate. Reduction in dietary NPP depressed live weight gain and feed intake and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR). Phytase supplementation to low NPP (0.30%) diets significantly (p<0.05) improved the growth performances of broilers. The supplementation to low NPP diets allowed complete, safe and economic replacement of dietary inorganic P (dicalcium phosphate) to reduce feed cost per kg live weight gain of broilers. Reduction in dietary NPP did not affect retention of nutrients except phosphorus (P) but had a significant (p<0.05) depression in tibia ash and minerals (Ca, P) concentration in serum and tibia ash. Phytase supplementation at low NPP level was effective (p<0.05) in improving the retention of dry matter, Ca and P and Ca and P concentration in serum and tibia ash. However, the supplementation was not effective at high level of NPP (0.50%). There were no significant (p>0.05) differences in carcass quality among dietary treatments. The response of phytase was greater in low NPP and maize based diets as compared with high NPP and wheat based diets, respectively. The results show that phytase supplementation to low NPP (0.30%) diets improved the growth performance, relative retention of nutrients (N, Ca and P) and minerals (Ca, P) status of blood and bone in broiler chickens, with a better efficacy in maize based diets.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2002

관행의 일일공급체제를 격일공급체제로 전환할 경우 넙치의 사료 섭취량과 증체량이 어떤 변화를 보이는지 조사하고 습사료의 공급에 따른 질소와 인의 배설량을 측정 하기 위하여 펑균 체중 90 g의 넙치를 이용하여 양어장에서 8주간 사육실험을 수행하였다. 일일공급 (ED)구의 건물 섭취량은 펑균 107.7g으로 격일공급 (EO)구의 평균 섭취량 89.8 g에 비해 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 반면, 사료전환효율은 각각 1.51 (ED) 및 1.47 (EO)로 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 마리당 증체량은 섭취량이 높았던 ED구에서 마리당 71.6 g으로 EO구 (61.1 g)보다 높게 나타났으나 유의적 차이는 발견되지 않았다 (P>0.05). 질소 증가량은 질소 섭취량이 유의적으로 높았던 ED구가 2.13g으로 EO구 (1.76 g)보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 그러나 증체단위당 질소 배설량은 두 처리구 공히 약 113 g으로 동일하였다. 인 섭취량은 유의적인 차이를 보였으나 어체내 인 증가량은 공히 0.5 g으로 동일하였다. 증체 단위당 인 배설량은 ED구가 27.6 g으로 EO구 (26.0 g)에 비해 약간 높았으나 유의적 차이는 없었다. 에너지 섭취량은 ED구가 2523 kJ로 EO구 (2116 kJ)에 비해 유의적으로 높았으며 그 결과 체내 에너지 증가량도 ED구가 유의적으로 높았다. 그러나, 에너지 축적효율은 각각 20.6% (ED) 및 18.9% (EO)로 유의적인 차이가 발견되지 않았다. 이상의 결과는 관행의 일일공급체제를 격일공급체제로 전환할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1320-1328
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• 2013

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the ME value, standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) of fish meal, and the effects of single cell protein (Prosin and Protide) replacing fish meal in diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, twenty-four barrows with initial BW of $30.8{\times}2.6kg$ were allotted to one of four dietary treatments. Diet 1 contained corn as the only energy source. The other three diets replaced 20% of the corn in diet 1 with one of the three protein feeds (fish meal, Prosin and Protide), and the DE and ME contents were determined by difference. In Exp. 2, eight barrows (initial BW of $25.6{\pm}3.2kg$) were fitted with ileal T-cannulas and allotted to a replicated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Three cornstarch-based diets were formulated using each of the protein feeds as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also formulated to measure endogenous losses of AA. In Exp. 3, one hundred and eighty piglets (initial BW of $7.95{\pm}1.59kg$) weaned at $28{\times}2d$ were blocked by weight and assigned to one of five treatments for a 28-d growth performance study, each treatment was fed to six pens with six pigs (three barrows and three gilts) per pen. The five treatments consisted of the control group (CON), which was a corn-soybean meal diet containing 5% fish meal, and the other four treatments, which replaced a set amount of fish meal with either Prosin (2.5% or 5%) or Protide (2.5% or 5%). The diets were formulated to provide same nutrient levels. The results showed that on a DM basis, both of the DE and ME contents were lower in Prosin and Protide than that of fish meal (p<0.05). The SID of CP and all essential AA were greater in fish meal than in Prosin and Protide (p<0.05). The pigs fed CON diet had greater weight gain and lower feed conversion rate (FCR) than pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). The digestibility of CP was greater in pigs fed CON, 2.5% Prosin and 2.5% Protide diets than the pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). Villus height in jejunum and ileum, and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum were higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed CON, 2.5% Prosin and 2.5% Protide diets compared with the 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets. Pigs fed CON diet had greater villus height to crypt depth ratio in the ileum than the pigs fed 5% Prosin and 5% Protide diets (p<0.05). In conclusion, although Prosin and Protide contained lower ME content and SID of AA than fish meal, Prosin and Protide replacing 50% of fish meal in diet with identical nutrient levels could obtain similar performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.143-151
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• 2020

대사에너지와 조단백질 수준을 낮춘 실험사료 내에 여러 종류의 효소제를 첨가, 급여하고 성장 성적을 조사함으로써 효소제의 가치를 평가하기 위한 목적으로 본 연구를 수행하였다. 부화 직후 동일한 사양 조건과 사료 급여 조건에서 사육한 7일령 수평아리 750수를 공시하였고(5처리, 6반복, 반복당 25수), 대사에너지와 조단백질 수준을 Ross 308의 권장 수준에 유사하도록 배정합한 시판사료를 대조구로 하였고, 대사에너지를 100 kcal 낮추고, 조단백질 수준을 1.0% 저감시킨 사료에 4종의 효소제품을 각각 첨가한 실험사료 급여구(T1-T4)로 구분하였다. 21일령까지 전기사료(starter diet)를, 이후 28일령까지 후기사료(grower diet)를 급여하였다. 에너지 및 조단백질 저감 사료 내 효소제 첨가 급여 후 증체량과 사료섭취량에서는 처리간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 사육 전 기간의 사료요구율(FCR)은 고에너지 대조구에서 유의하게 낮은 결과가 관찰되었고(P<0.001), 효소제 첨가구간에는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 대조구의 1.5 kg 도달 추정 일령은 26.34일이었고, 효소제를 첨가한 처리구에서는 26.39일(T2)부터 26.84일(T4) 사이로 추정되었다. 혈액 영양지표 성분의 농도에서는 처리간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 맹장 균총 수에서는 차이가 없었으나, 우점균 조성에서는 처리간에 차이를 관찰할 수 있었다. 공장 내용물의 점도에서는 처리간에 차이가 없었으나, 회장 내용물 점도는 T2 첨가구에서 유의하게 낮은 것으로 나타났다(P<0.05). 결론적으로 에너지와 조단백질 수준을 낮춘 실험사료 내 효소제의 첨가급여는 사료요구율을 제외한 성장 성적에 영향을 미치지 않았으며, 생리적 지표에서도 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1229-1235
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• 2007

Three trials were conducted to study the effect of processing method on performance, apparent nutrient and amino acid digestibilities in growing-finishing pigs fed lupine seeds. Ground, expanded or flaked lupine seed was prepared for the trials. In trial 1, a total of 72 growing barrows ($Landrace{\times}Large$ $White{\times}Large$, initial BW of $54.22{\pm}5.87$ kg) were allocated to three treatment diets containing 15% percent of differently processed lupine seed for 28 days. Each treatment had four replicates comprising 6 pigs each. In trial 2, a total of 48 finishing barrows ($Landrace{\times}Large$ $White{\times}Large$, initial BW of $84.40{\pm}6.84$ kg) were subjected to three treatments for 21 days. The experimental design was the same as trial 1 except for supplementation with 20% of lupine seed. Each treatment had four replicates comprising 4 pigs each. To evaluate the ileal digestibility of amino acids, a total of 9 barrows ($Landrace{\times}Large$ $White{\times}Large$), with an average initial BW of $41.07{\pm}1.98$ kg, were fed with ground, expanded or flaked lupine for 7 days. Each pig was surgically equipped with a simple T-cannula fitted in the distal ileum. Amino acid composition and presence of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in processed lupine sources were also evaluated. The results showed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in lupine amino acid composition due to the different processing methods. Expanded and flaked lupine significantly decreased (p<0.05) the concentration of ANFs compared with ground lupine. There was no effect (p>0.05) on the growth performance in growing pigs. However, processing method had a significant effect (p<0.05) on average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in finishing pigs. There was no effect (p>0.05) of the different processing methods on the digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), ether extract (EE), Calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), but expanded lupine could significantly increase (p<0.05) the apparent digestibility of CP in finishing pigs. Furthermore, expanded lupine had a higher (p<0.05) apparent ileal digestibility for most indispensable and dispensable amino acids compared with ground and flaked lupine. It was concluded that expanded lupine could be beneficial in improving lupine's quality and improve performance and nutrient utilization in growing-finishing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.705-711
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of golden needle mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stem waste (FVW), on organic eggs production, calcium utilization, antibody response, serum immunoglobulin, and serum cytokine concentration at early phase of production in laying hens. Methods: A total 210, 19 weeks old aged ISA Brown layers were randomly assigned into 5 equal treatment groups, with 7 replications of 6 hens each. Dietary treatment included a standard basal diet as control; antibiotic (0.05% flavomycin); 2% FVW; 4% FVW; and 6% FVW. The experimental duration was 10 weeks. Results: There was no significant differences (p>0.05) on hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among experimental groups. Unmarketable eggs were significantly lower (p<0.05) both in 4% FVW and 6% FVW fed groups than control group. The calcium retention and calcium in egg shell deposition were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FVW inclusion groups than control and antibiotic groups. Antibody titers against Newcastle diseases were significantly higher (p<0.05) in 6% FVW fed group (except combined with 4% FVW at day 147) and infectious bronchitis were significantly higher (p<0.05) in FVW fed groups (except 2% FVW and 4% FVW at day 161) than control and antibiotic groups. Serum immunoglobulin sIgA was significantly higher (p<0.05) in all levels of FVW and IgG was significantly higher (p<0.05) in 4% FVW than control and antibiotic groups. Serum cytokine concentration interleukin-2 (IL-2) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in 6% FVW; IL-6 and tumor necrotic $factor-{\alpha}$ were significantly higher (p<0.05) both in 4% FVW and 6% FVW than control and antibiotic groups; IL-4 was significantly higher (p<0.05) in antibiotic, 2% FVW and 4% FVW fed groups than control. Conclusion: F. velutipes mushroom waste can be used as a novel substitute for antibiotic for organic egg production and sound health status in laying hens.