• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1351-1356
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to compare body weight, ADG, and feed:gain ratio of antibiotic-free pigs from Yorkshire dams and sired by Yorkshire (YY), Berkshire (BY), Large Black (LBY) or Tamworth (TY) boars. All the crossbred pigs in each of three trials were raised as one group from weaning to finishing in the same deep-bedded hoop, providing a comfortable environment for the animals which allowed rooting and other natural behaviors. Birth, weaning and litter weights were measured and recorded. From approximately 50 kg to market weight (125 kg), feed intake and body weights were recorded manually (body weight) or using a FIRE (Feed Intake Recording Equipment, Osborne Industries Inc. Osborne, Kansas) system with eight individual feeding stations. Feed intake data for 106 finishing pigs between 140 and 210 d of age and the resulting weights and feed conversion ratios were analyzed by breed type. Least square means for body weights (birth, weaning and to 240 d) were estimated with Proc Mixed in SAS 9.2 for fixed effects such as crossbreed and days of age within the sire breed. The differences within fixed effects were compared using least significant differences with DIFF option. Individual birth weights and weaning weights were influenced by sire breed (p<0.05). For birth weight, BY pigs were the lightest, TY and YY pigs were the heaviest but similar to each other and LBY pigs were intermediate. For weaning weights, BY and LBY pigs were heavier than TY and YY pigs. However, litter birth and weaning weights were not influenced by sire breed, and average daily gain was also not significantly different among breed types. Tamworth sired pigs had lower overall body weight gain, and feed conversion was lower in TY and YY groups than BY and LBY groups (p<0.05), however, number of observations was somewhat limited for feed conversion and for Tamworth pigs. Overall, no convincing differences among breed types were noted for this study, but growth performance in the outdoor environment was satisfactory.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.951-955
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• 1999

The effects of restricting feed [60% of ad libitum (AL) intake] (FR) or water provided from 0900 h to 1600 h, daily) (WR) or both (FWR) from 14 to 42 days of age on heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) response and performance in broiler chickens under the hot humid tropical conditions were determined. Feed and/or water limitation retarded growth, but had no adverse effect on overall feed conversion ratio and survivability. The trend for total feed and water consumption was similar to body weight pattern with AL>WR>FR>FWR. The nutritional regimens had significant effect on overall water:feed ratios with FR>(AL=WR)>FWR. Restriction of feed and/or water resulted in marked elevation of H/L ratios. As measured by H/L ratios, the effect of adapting to FR dissipated between 16 to 21 days after the onset of feed restriction. The H/L ratios of WR and FWR birds remained elevated throughout the duration of the experiment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.346-350
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• 2001

The present study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of Sauropus. androgynus leaf (SAL) meal on reducing fat accumulation in broiler chickens. Eighty unsexed broiler chickens were allocated to four treatment groups with five replicates of four chickens each. SAL meal supplementation had no effect on body, leg, back, breast, wing, liver and heart weights, carcass protein, moisture and ash contents (p>0.05). Broilers fed diets supplemented with 30 g of SAL meal had lower feed intake with better feed conversion ratio (p<0.05) than did the control chickens. SAL supplementation at all levels significantly reduced fat accumulation in abdomen region, and liver (p<0.01), and in carcass (p<0.05). Higher SAL supplementation resulted in lower fat accumulation in the carcass ($r^{2}=0.94$; p<0.01), abdomen ($r^{2}=0.99$; p<0.01) and liver ($r^{2}=0.98$; p<0.01). The current study showed that a 30 g supplementation of SAL meal to the broiler diet was effective to improve feed conversion ratio without reducing body weight. SAL meal supplementation to the diet reduce fat accumulation in broiler chickens.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.95-101
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• 2021

This study investigated the influence of sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL) emulsifier on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. For this 56-day long-duration experiment, 80 heads of cross-bred ([Landrace × Yorkshire] × Duroc) pigs with an initial body weight of 23.80 ± 4.87 kg were divided into two (2) treatment groups each fed a different diet: with and without an emulsifier. Each treatment group had 8 replication pens with 5 pigs per pen. Feed treatments were as follows: 1) CON: Basal diet, and 2) SSL: CON + 0.05% SSL. Body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured for three periods: 0 - 4, 5 - 8, and 0 - 8 weeks. The nutrient digestibility parameters consisting of dry matter (DM) digestibility and nitrogen (N) digestibility were calculated on the 4^th and 8^th week. Based on the results, the SSL supplementation did not show any significant influence on the growth performance parameters during the 0 to 4 and 5 to 8 week phases. For the overall performance, only the FCR (p = 0.048) was significantly different in the emulsifier fed group (SSL) compared to the CON group (T1). DM and N digestibility was also not influenced by the SSL addition in the growing pig diet. Overall, the SSL supplementation showed a limited effect on the growth performance of growing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.1319-1325
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• 2002

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction on growth, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality in unsexed broiler chickens. In Experiment 1, 350 one-day-old broiler chickens were divided into 7 groups. Each treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group and the other six groups were fed 25% ad libitum (25% multiplied by amount of feed intake of ad libitum chickens at the previous day) for 4 or 6 days, 50% ad libitum for 4 or 6 days, and 75% ad libitum for 4 or 6 days. In experiment 2, 500 broiler chickens were divided into 10 groups. Each treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group. Three ages of feed restriction initial timing (2, 4 or 6 days of age) and three types of feed restriction (physical restriction, meal feeding and diet dilution) were used ($3{\times}3$) in both experiments. They were feed-restricted for 6 days. Results showed that restricted broilers exhibited compensatory growth in both experiments except for diet dilution groups. In both experiments, FCR of restricted broilers was higher, whereas feed intake of them was lower during restriction period. FCR of restricted broilers was lower upon refeeding. Mortality was inconsistently affected by early feed restriction. Leg abnormality was lower in restricted broilers in both experiments. Level of feed restriction significantly influenced body weight, FCR and feed intake of restricted broilers (p<0.05), but duration of feed restriction had no effect. Type of restriction significantly affected body weight, feed intake and FCR (p<0.05). It appeared that to achieve the best result (complete compensatory growth and better FCR), broilers should be restricted at 25% ad libitum for 6 days (Experiment 1). Meal feeding started at 2 days of age would show the best performance (Experiment 2).

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.807-813
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• 1993

Oxidative coupling of methane(OCM), one of the methods of direct methane conversion, was performed. Metal oxide catalysts used were Li/MgO and Pb/MgO. To investigate the reactivity of the catalysts with temperature, the reaction was carried out at 600, 700 and $800^{\circ}C$; and to investigate the effect of the feed ratio of the reactants($CH_4:O_2$) on reactivity, conversion, and selectivity the reaction was performed at $700^{\circ}C$ with the feed ratio of 2:1 and 1:1. The results indicate that 7wt% Li/MgO catalyst is a good catalyst for OCM reaction with 20% conversion and 65% selectivity at $700^{\circ}C$ with the feed ratio of 2:1. As feed ratio was 1:1, methane conversion was increased to 30% while $C_2$ selectivity decreased to 45% at $700^{\circ}C$ with 7wt% Li/MgO catalyst. The Pb/MgO catalyst showed less selectivity(25%) than Li/MgO did.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.712-717
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• 2015

In this study, the experiment of CO production was performed using carbon dioxide and coal. The synthesis characteristics of CO gas was investigated using the chemical activation method of KOH. The preparation process has been optimized through the analysis of experimental variables such as activating chemical agents to coal ratio, the flow rate of gas and reaction temperature during $CO_2$ conversion reaction. Without the catalyst of KOH, the 66.7% of $CO_2$ conversion was obtained at the conditions of $T=950^{\circ}C$ and $CO_2$ flow rate of 300 cc/min. On the other hand, the 98.1% of $CO_2$ conversion was obtained using catalyst of KOH at same conditions. It was found that the feed ratio(Coal : KOH = 4 : 1) had better $CO_2$ conversion and CO selectivity than other feed ratios.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.1585-1591
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• 2001

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction on growth, fat accumulation and meat composition in unsexed broiler chickens. Five hundred 7-day old unsexed broiler chickens were distributed into ten treatment groups with 5 pens of 10 broilers each group. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group and other nine groups were fed 25% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, 50% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, and 75% ad libitum for 3, 6 or 9 days, respectively. Thereafter, they were fed ad libitum to 56 days of age. The present results showed that broilers showed compensatory growth when they were restrict-refed. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days (p<0.05). Triglyceride concentration of serum was significantly lower in restricted unsexed broilers (p <0.01), whereas cholesterol concentration was not significantly different. Abdominal fat was significantly lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days, 50% ad libitum for 3 days and 75% ad libitum for 6 or 9 days (p<0.05). Moisture and protein contents of meats were not significantly affected. Ash content of meat was significantly higher in restricted broilers. Fat content of meat was lower in broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 9 days, 75% ad libitum for 3 to 9 days. In conclusion, broilers showed compensatory growth when they were restrict-refed at an early age. In order to achieve the success of early feed restriction (namely reduce fat accumulation and improve feed conversion ratio with comparable body weight at market age), unsexed broilers should be fed at level of 25 ad libi=tum for 9 days starting at 7 days of age.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1157-1163
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the effect of the inclusion of different levels of ensiled cassava leaves (variety KM94) in the diets on performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs in Vietnam. A total of 40 crossbreds pigs (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai, 20 males and 20 females) with an initial live weight of 23.5 kg (SD = 0.86) were randomly allocated to one of the four pens across 5 units. Four experimental diets were formulated for two growth periods, period 1 (60 days) for 20 to 50 kg and period 2 lasted 30 days, from 50 kg until slaughter. Four diets were formulated containing inclusion levels of ensiled cassava KM94 leaves diet of 0, 10, 15 and 20% in the DM. Diets were formulated based on previously determined ileal amino acid digestibility values of the KM94 products and were isonitrogenous and isocaloric on a metabolizable energy basis. Each pen of pigs was randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments. Dry matter intake and final weight tended to decreased with increasing levels of ensiled cassava KM94 leaves in the diet while there was a significant (p = 0.022) decrease in average daily gain. Protein depositions of the F1 pigs tended (p = 0.093) to decrease with increasing inclusion levels of ensiled cassava KM94 leaves. There was no significant difference in feed conversion ratio, carcass quality and fat gain between the groups of pigs. There were clear differences in feed costs among the experimental diets (p = 0.001) with increasing levels of ensiled cassava KM 94 leaves in the diet reducing feed costs. It was concluded that, in diets for growing pig, inclusion of ensiled cassava leaves reduces growth rate of pigs in Vietnam but increases profitability as measured by feed costs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.11
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• pp.1685-1690
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• 2018

Objective: The pituitary specific transcription factor-1 (Pit-1) gene is responsible for pituitary development and growth hormone expression and is regarded as a pivotal candidate gene for growth and production in chickens. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association of Pit-1 polymorphisms with growth and feed efficiency traits in yellow meat-type chickens. Methods: In the present study, five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Pit-1 were selected and genotyped by high-throughput matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry in 724 meat-type chickens. Results: Association analysis showed that rs13687126 of Pit-1 was strongly associated with body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) (p<0.05), and that rs13687128 was significantly correlated with body weight at 70 days of age (BW70), BWG and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p<0.05). SNP rs13905622 was strongly related to BW70 and FCR (p<0.05). Furthermore, birds with the GG genotype of rs13687126 had larger BWG and FI than those with the AG genotype (p<0.05). Individuals with the TT genotype of rs13687128 were significantly higher BW70 and BWG than those of the CT and CC genotype, while FCR was just the opposite (p<0.05). For rs13905622, the AA chickens showed strongly larger BW70 and lower FCR compared with the AT and TT chickens (p<0.05). Additionally, an ACA haplotype based on rs13687126, rs13687128, and rs13905622 had significant effects on BW70 and FCR (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our studies thus provide crucial evidence for the relationship between polymorphisms of Pit-1 and growth and feed efficiency traits which may be useful for meat-type chicken breeding programs.