• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.177-188
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• 2001

This research was carried out to examine the optimum design conditions of a vertical small-scale milling machine where the rough rice is processed directly into the white rice in one pass. Effects of the main spindle speed, feed screw pitch and ceramic coating length of the roller on various milling characteristics such as white rice processing capacity, electric energy consumption, rice temperature increase, broken rice ratio, moisture reduction, outlet force and crack ratio increase were studied. The results are as follows. 1. The maximum white rice processing capacity and the lowest crack ratio increase, were obtained from a machine with specification: main spindle speed of 970rpm having a feed screw pitch of 19㎜. 2. The minimum electric energy consumption was obtained with the main spindle speeds of 900 and 970rpm respectively having a feed screw pitch of 19㎜. 3. The rice temperature was increased as the feed screw pitch decreased and the main spindle speed increased. 4. Broken rice ratio was relatively low with the range of 0.8∼1.3%. 5. Moisture content loss was with the range of 0.05∼0.4%. 6. The highest outlet force was 0.72kg$\_$f/ with 900rpm of the main spindle speed and 19㎜ of the feed screw pitch and the lowest outlet force was 0.18∼0.34kg$\_$f/ with 970rpm of the main spindle speed and 16㎜ of the feed screw pitch. 7. The optimum design conditions for the vertical small-scale milling machine were obtained at 970rpm of the main spindle speed, 19㎜ of the feed screw pitch and 20㎜ of the ceramics coating length.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.359-362
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• 1996

A study was conducted to assess the influence of copper on the total sulphur amino acid requirements of broiler chickens reared under two growing periods. The TSAA levels used were 0.73, 0.83, 0.93% with copper levels of 0, 125, 250 and 375 mg/kg for the starter period and the TSAA levels of 0.72, 0.79 and 0.86% with copper levels of 0, 125, 250 and 375 mg/kg for the grower period. Total feed consumption, body weight gain and feed L gain ratio were used as the parameters for the assessment. The results showed that adding copper at 250 mg/kg to the diets improved feed : gain ratio of the starter broilers and resulted in small improvement of body weight gain and feed : gain ratio of the grower broilers. Growth was depressed in relation to the reduction of feed intake on the chicks fed diet containing 375 mg/kg copper. There was a significant interaction between dietary TSAA and copper levels for feed intake, hence, indicating that the supplementation of copper at the level of 375 mg/kg increased the TSAA requirement of the starter broilers, although no interference with the requirement of grower broilers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1451-1457
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• 2016

A comparative study was performed to investigate the efficacy of KiFAY as a feed additive on performance parameters, thyroid, and pancreatic hormone levels in broilers. Ninety birds (Vencobb 400) were randomly divided into three groups viz., Control (no DL-methionine supplementation), Treatment1 (containing added DL-methionine) and Treatment 2 (containing KiFAY and without DL-methionine supplementation). The performance parameters (weekly body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed consumption ratio) were recorded and calculated during the whole study of 4 weeks. Analyses of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF 1), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were performed at the end of the study. The results show that birds on supplementation of KiFAY performed significantly (p<0.001) better than other treatments. The weekly body weight, body weight gain, feed in-take and feed consumption ratio improved in KiFAY treated birds. The study found an increase in insulin and IGF1 levels (p<0.001) in KiFAY compared with the other treatments. Serum T3, T4, and TSH levels in the Treatment 2 were higher than other treatments (p<0.001). The KiFAY supplementation was able to improve performance with associated responses at a hormonal level in broilers.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.213-216
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• 2002

Food consumption and conversion efficiency of new bivoltine hybrids (CSR2$\times$CSR4 and CSR2$\times$CSR5) were studied under restricted feeding levels (10, 20 and 30% less quantity of mulberry leaves). The data were compared with a control fed with standard quantum of feed as per the recommendation. The nutritional indices parameters i. e. ingests, digesta, approximate digestibility (%) and reference ratio were recorded higher in control batches compared to less feed batches while nutritional efficiency parameters i. e., ECI and ECD to cocoon and shell were recorded significantly higher in restricted feeding level batches. This increase is attributed due to the physiological adaptation under nutritional stress condition.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.63-65
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding single or combined probiotics on performance and intestinal microflora of broiler chicks for five weeks. Diets based on corn and soybean meal contained 21.50, 19.0% CP and 3,100, 3,150 kcal/kg ME for starting and finishing period, respectively. Lactobacillus salvarius isolated from chicks intestine(LSC), Lactobacillus salvarius isolated from piglet(LSP) Bacillus polyfermenticus(BP) were fed with alone and mixed ones at the level of 0.21 and 0.1% in experiment 1 and 2. Three hundred eighty four chicks were randomly assigned to eight treatment with four replicates of 12 chicks each per treatment. Weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio(FCR) were weekly measured for 5 weeks. The number of intestinal microflora was examined at the end of experiment. There were no significant different weight gain of all treatment in both experiments. Feed consumption were not shown consistency. Chicks fed LSC alone showed the lowest feed conversion ratio of all treatment in experiment 1, but was not consistency in experiment 2. The number of Lactobacillus spp. tended to increase in chicks ileum fed probiotics treatments, whereas it was not consistency in cecum. The number of ileal E. coli was not decreased in BP treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.227-230
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• 1991

A comparative study was conducted in total thirty six large while weaner pigs of about 15 kg body weight namely boars, barrows and gilts to evaluate best sex and economic slaughter weight with one standard ration. In 159 days study period feed consumption, growth, feed conversion ratio and carcass quality were judged in all sexes of pigs at 50, 70 and 90 kg body weight. It was noted that upto 70 kg body weight the growth in boars and gills 46.0 and 49.0 kg and feed conversion ratio 4.83 and 4.81 were superior and economical over the barrows, which were 45.5 kg and 4.95. Later on there were too many fluctuations in growth and feed conversion ratio in all sexes of pigs, which would be uneconomical. Carcass quality was also better in boars and gilts than barrows, No boar taint was noted in most of the boar carcasses. Hence it is concluded that boars and gilts can be raised upto the 70 kg body weight for economic pork production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.951-955
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• 1999

The effects of restricting feed [60% of ad libitum (AL) intake] (FR) or water provided from 0900 h to 1600 h, daily) (WR) or both (FWR) from 14 to 42 days of age on heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) response and performance in broiler chickens under the hot humid tropical conditions were determined. Feed and/or water limitation retarded growth, but had no adverse effect on overall feed conversion ratio and survivability. The trend for total feed and water consumption was similar to body weight pattern with AL>WR>FR>FWR. The nutritional regimens had significant effect on overall water:feed ratios with FR>(AL=WR)>FWR. Restriction of feed and/or water resulted in marked elevation of H/L ratios. As measured by H/L ratios, the effect of adapting to FR dissipated between 16 to 21 days after the onset of feed restriction. The H/L ratios of WR and FWR birds remained elevated throughout the duration of the experiment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1623-1628
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• 2011

The effects of dietary lysine (Lys) at a fixed ratio to crude protein (CP) and essential amino acids (EAA) on early growth response of broilers were studied. Four diets were formulated to contain similar metabolizable energy (ME, 2,950 kcal/kg) but contained graded levels of incremental Lys (1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4%) while also increasing the dietary CP and EAA (methionine, methionine+ cystine, threonine and tryptophan) to maintain a constant ratio with Lys. Each diet was fed at random to 10 replicates of 6 chicks each throughout the experimental period (1-21 d). At the lowest concentration of Lys of 1.1% (19.04% CP), body weight gain (BWG) was lowest and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was poorest. The BWG increased and FCR decreased linearly as dietary Lys increased upto 1.3% (22.5% CP). Lowest feed consumption was observed in the dietary group that contained 1.1% Lys (19.04% CP) in the diet. Increasing the concentration of Lys to 1.2% (20.77% CP), significantly increased the feed consumption. The concentrations of protein, calcium, phosphorus and cholesterol in serum were not influenced by the variation in Lys contents in the diet. The humoral immune response as measured by antibody titre in response to SRBC inoculation was significantly lower in the diets containing 1.1% Lys compared to 1.4%. It is concluded that the Lys requirement of broilers is 1.3% (22.5% CP) during 0 to 21 days of age for eliciting optimum performance when a fixed ratio of Lys to CP (1:17.31) and essential AA is maintained (1:0.47 Met; 1:0.56 Thr; 1:0.17 Try).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.252-256
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• 2007

This study was carried out to determine the effect of vitamin E and vitamin C on the performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) reared under heat stress during the growth and egg production period. A total of 810 seven-day-old Japanese quails were used in the trial. The birds received a diet with either three levels of vitamin E (DL-${\alpha}$Tocopheryl acetate) (60, 120 and 240 mg/kg of diet) and vitamin C (ROVIMIX STAY-C 35) (60, 120 and 240 mg/kg of diet). Live weight on day 35 and weight gain were the lowest in the group of chicks on a combination of 60 mg of vitamin E and 60 mg of vitamin C, whereas the highest live weight was demonstrated in chicks on a combination of 240 mg of vitamin E and 240 mg of vitamin C (p<0.01). The effects of treatments on cumulative feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, age at 5% lay, sexual maturity weight, rate of lay and mean egg weight values were found to be significant (p<0.01). The highest feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, age at 5% lay, sexual maturity weight, rate of lay and mean egg weight values were found in the group on a combination of 240 mg of vitamin E and 240 mg of vitamin C. The effect of treatments on the mortality ratio was found to be insignificant (p>0.01). The cost of supplementing diets with vitamin E and vitamin C is very low. Therefore such a combination of supplement can offer a potential protective management practice in preventing heat stress related losses in performance of Japanese quails.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1300-1308
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytogenic additive and antibiotic growth promoter in laying Japanese quails. One hundred and sixty five quails were divided into three groups of 5 replicates and 11 quails (8 females and 3 males) in each replicate. Treatment 1 was fed control diet, treatment 2 was fed control diet supplemented with 0.05% bacitracin methylene disalicylate as antibiotic growth promoter and treatment 3 was fed control diet supplemented with 0.1% phytogenic feed additive (PFA) for two periods of 3 weeks each from 37 to 42 weeks of age. Results showed that egg production, eggshell strength, eggshell weight, villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio were significantly (p${\leq}$0.05) increased and feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, albumen, Haugh unit, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, alanine transaminase, gamma glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, number of goblet cell, crypt depth and intestinal bacterial population of Coliforms, Salmonella and E. coli were significantly (p${\leq}$0.05) decreased in PFA fed group. It is concluded that addition of PFA containing phytomolecules and organic acids as main ingredients could significantly improve the production parameters and the general health of laying quails as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters.