• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.423-437
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• 1989

A 4-week energy balance study was conducted to estimate the energy expenditure (EE) of 16 college age men and women, 20 to 26 year of age, by measurement of energy intakes and changes in body energy(BE) content(intake/balance technique), keeping their normal living pattern and maintenance body weight. Energy intake was measured by bomb calorimetry and estimated by food table. Fecal energy loss was calculated from nitrogen excreted. Fat mass was determined from body density estimated from skinfold tickness. 1) Gross energy (GE) intakes calculated from food table was not only 13.4% lower than those of bomb calorimetry but also lower 4 and 5% than metabolizable energy(ME) intakes for the male and female subjects, respectively. 2) Fecal energy loss was 7.2% and 6.9% proportion of the gross energy intake for the male and female subjects, respectively. 3) Mean daily metabolizable energy intakes estimated by subtract fecal and urinary energy loss was 2467kcal for the male subjects and 1897kcal for the female subjects. 4) Total body energy change estimated from body composition change over 31 days was decreased 7672kcal for the male subjects and 2689kcal for the female subjects. 5) Mean daily energy expenditure was 2714kcal (45kcal/kg of body weight) for the male subjects and 1984kcal(40kcal/kg of body weight) for the female subjects. 6) The estimated energy expenditure of college-age subjects in this study provide evidence to support the Recommended Dietary Allowances for energy of Korean normal adult.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.12-20
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• 1998

In this study, the food intake, feces and urine of 14 primary school age boys and girls were collected and intake and excretion of iron and zinc were measured. The boys and girls were 8-12 years old and measurement continued for four weeks during which they maintained their normal living pattern. Each boy's and girl's daily intake and excretion of iron and zinc were measured and apparent digestibility and balance were also calculated. The results are as follows. Mean daily intake of iron was $14.9\pm{0.6mg}$ for the boys and $12.4\pm{0.5mg}$ for the girls. Mean daily intake of zinc was $11.8\pm{1.2mg}$ for the boys and $11.5\pm{0.4mg}$ for the girls. Mean daily fecal loss and apparent digestibility of iron was $6.1\pm{0.3mg}$ and $58.8\pm{2.0%}$ for the boys and $6.8\pm{0.1mg}$ and $44.1\pm{2.0%}$ for the girls. Mean daily fecal loss and apparent digestibility of zinc was $9.3\pm{0.2mg}$ and $14.4\pm{5.1%}$ for the boys and $9.7\pm{0.4mg}$ and $14.3\pm{4.3%}$ for the girls. Mean daily urinary loss of iron was $1.1\pm{0.1mg}$ and showed the positive balance of $7.86\pm{0.6mg}$ for the boys and $0.5\pm{0.1mg}$ and showed the positive balance of $5.14\pm{0.4mg}$ for the girls. Mean daily urinary loss of zinc was $0.5\pm{0.1mg}$ and showed the positive balance of $1.03\pm{0.6mg}$ for the girls.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.749-758
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• 1995

In this study, the food intake, feces and urine of 16 primary school age boys and girls were collected and intake and excretion of sodium and calcium were measured. The boys and girls were 8-12 years old and measurement continued for four weeks during which they maintained their normal living pattern and body weight. Each boy's and girl's daily intake and excretion of sodium and calcium were measured and apparent digestibility and balance were also studied. The results were as follows. 1) Mean daily intake of sodium was 8.52$\pm$0.38g for the boys and 7.31$\pm$0.44g for the girls. The mean value in males was significantly higher than that in females(p<0.05). Mean daily in take of calcium was 411.0$\pm$16.0mg for the boys and 356.5$\pm$15.4mg for the girls. The mean value in males was significantly higher than that in females(p<0.01). 2) Mean daily fecal loss and apparent digestibility of sodium was 0.32$\pm$0.04g and 96% for the boys and 0.52$\pm$0.07g and 93% for the girls. The fecal loss mean value in males was significantly lower than that in females(p<0.05). Mean daily fecal loss and apparent digestibility of calcium was 299.8$\pm$8.3mg and 29% for the boys and 194.1$\pm$14.3mg and 46% for the girls. The fecal loss mean value in males was significantly higer than that in females(p<0.01). 3) Mean daily urinary loss of sodium was 6.55$\pm$0.50g and showed the positive balance of 1.65g for the boys and 5.67$\pm$0.20g and showed the positive balance of 1.12g for the girls. The urinary loss mean values of the two groups were not significantly different. Mean daily urinary loss of calcium was 42.8$\pm$5.1mg and showed the positive balance of 79.4mg for the boys and 25.0$\pm$1.64mg and showed the positive balance of 137.4mg for the girls. The urinary loss mean value in males was significantly higer than that in females(p<0.01).

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.367-373
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• 1993

본 연구는 15~16세의 여자 고등학생 7명을 대상으로 4주간 평상시와 같은 생활양식과 식생활 환경하에서 에너지 섭취량(GE)과 체내 에너지 보류량(BE)의 변동을 측정하므로써 (에너지 평형법) 에너지 소비량을 산출하였다. 에너지 섭취량과 대변으로의 에너지 손실량(FE)은 열량계로 측정하였고 소변으로의 에너지 손실량 (UE)은 질소 배설량으로부터 환산하였다. 체내 지방조직량 (FM)은 피부두께를 측정하여 산출한 신체 밀도법에 의하였다. 총 에너지 섭취량에 대한 당질, 단백질 및 지방질의 구성비는 각각 70.1$\pm$1.8%, 12.2$\pm$0.7% 및 17.7$\pm$2.0% 이었다. 총 에너지 섭취량에 대한 대변으로의 에너지 손실율은 2.8%이었다. 대변과 소변으로의 에너지 손실량을 감하여 산출한 1일 1인당 평균 대사에너지량(ME)은 2022 $\pm$50㎉ 이었다. 28일동안의 체성분 변동량으로부터 산출한 체내 총 에너지변동량(BE)은 평균 2400$\pm$950㎉ 가 증가하였다. 1일 1인당 평균 에너지 소비량은 1958$\pm$87㎉로서 체중 kg당 39$\pm$2㎉ 이었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.228-234
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• 2017

Feed intake (FI) of sows during lactation is a serious problem because sows require a large amount of energy for high milk production during lactation. Providing a palatable diet is important for lactating sows to cope with the stress of breast-feeding. Palatability can be increased by adding sweeteners to diets. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of saccharin (sweetener) on growth performance, fecal moisture, and litter performance of lactating sows. Sixteen sows were randomly allotted to one of two dietary treatments in a 27-day trial starting from lactation. The two dietary treatments were supplemented with 0 and 0.2% saccharin (sweetener), respectively. Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was increased (p < 0.05) and back fat loss (BFL) was decreased (p < 0.05) in sows fed saccharin supplementation diets compared with sows fed control diet during lactation. However, sows' body weight loss, body condition score (BCS), fecal score, and the number of piglet survival were not different (p > 0.05) among dietary treatments. The two dietary treatments also had no significantly different effect (p > 0.05) on litter weight and average daily gain (ADG) of piglets. Taken together, saccharin has no significant effect on growth performance of piglets but it can increase FI and reduce BFL of lactating sows.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.131-134
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• 2016

A 4-year-old intact female Maltese was referred to the Animal Medical Center of Chonbuk National University with a history of consistent fecal incontinence over 4 months following sacculectomy surgery. We suspected that anal sacculectomy resulted in loss of the external anal sphincter. On physical examination, the external anal sphincter muscle on the left side was intact, while the external anal sphincter muscle on the right side could not be detected and exhibited severe laceration. To repair the defect, the left semitendinosus muscle was transposed around the anus. The left semitendinosus muscle was isolated and transected near the stifle, reflected dorsally and passed around the ventral rectum into the pararectal fossa. Care was taken to preserve the integrity of the vasculature and nerve supply. The muscle was secured dorsally with simple interrupted sutures to the levator ani and coccygeus muscles to simulate the external anal sphincter. Nine days after surgery, the dog was defecating normally with no evidence of incontinence. The use of semitendinosus muscle flaps is a good option for the treatment of fecal incontinence secondary to loss of sphincter muscle in dogs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.211-218
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• 1991

The effects of dietary fiber on true digestibility of amino acids by growing pigs were studied, using semi-purified diets formulated from alfalfa meal, cassava leaf meal, rubber seed meal and leucacna meal at 20% level. A protein-free diet including 5% cellulose was formulated for correcting the endogenous amino acid loss. Across all the diets, arginine was the most digestible while the least at ileal level was threonine; methionine and/or histidine at fecal level respectively. The true digestibility value of amino acids at ileal level were higher than at fecal level except control diet (cellulose). The true digestibility values at ileal level were similar for all diets but differed at fecal level in different magnitude. These results indicate that undigestible compound in individual feedstuff might confound. True digestibility should be studied together for accurate diet formulation as apparent digestibility decreased when their amino acid concentration in the diet was reduced.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.279-286
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• 2010

Livestock production in Vietnam is, as in most Asian countries, increasing rapidly and changing into specialized highly intensified operations. The volume of animal excreta generated exceeds the capacity of the operation land base and cannot be utilized efficiently. As a consequence, there is a loss of plant nutrients from livestock farms that causes environmental pollution. This study carried out a feed and excretion experiment measuring fecal characteristic, daily fecal production, daily nitrogen and phosphorous excretion from grower-finisher pigs fed prevalent rations in Vietnam. Furthermore, equations for assessing the excretion were tested, which can be used in farm models for optimal recycling of manure while focusing on reducing pollution. The results indicated that fecal production and nutrient excretion were affected by the different rations tested. This study showed that five selected equations for predicting excretion from grower-finisher pigs in Danish conditions can also be used with precision in Vietnamese pig farming systems. The equations have been proven valid and can, therefore, be used as a much needed tool for assessing fecal production and nitrogen in excreta on pig farms. The study also showed that about 12% of nitrogen excreted was emitted during housing. Waste water contains more than half of the nitrogen excreted, mainly in ammonium form which has a high potential for gaseous emission.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.263-270
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• 2004

A repeated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design was conducted with eight ileal cannulated castrates to examine the effect of source of starch and fiber on nutrient balance and energy metabolism. Pigs were fed on one of the four experimental diets: Control diet (C) mainly based on cooked rice; and diets P, S and W with the inclusion of either raw potato starch, sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, respectively. With the exception of an increased (p<0.05) energy loss from methane production with diet S observed, no significant differences (p>0.05) in the ratio of metabolizable energy (ME)/digestible energy, the utilization of ME for fat deposition and for protein deposition, energy loss as hydrogen and urinary energy were found between diets. The efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was lower (p<0.05) with diets P and S than with diet C. The inclusion of fiber sources (sugar beet pulp or wheat bran) or potato starch reduced the maintenance energy requirement. The fecal energy excretion was increased (p<0.05) with either sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, while it was unaffected (p>0.05) by addition of potato starch. In comparison with diets C and P, a lowered ileal or fecal digestibility of energy with diets S and W was observed (p<0.05). Feeding sugar beet pulp caused increased (p<0.05) daily production of methane and carbon dioxide and consequently increased energy losses from methane and carbon dioxide production, while it did not influence the daily hydrogen production (p>0.05). An increased (p<0.05) proportion of NSP excreted in feces was seen by the supplementation of wheat bran. Higher NSP intake caused an increased daily amount of NSP in the ileum, but the ileal NSP proportion as a percentage of NSP intake was unaffected by diets. Feeding potato starch resulted in increased daily amount of starch measured in the ileum and the proportion of ileal starch as a percentage of starch intake, while no significant influence on fecal starch was found. Higher (p<0.05) daily amount of fecal starch and the proportion of fecal starch as a percentage of starch intake were found with fiber sources supplementation compared with diets C and P. By increasing the dietary NSP content the fecal amount of starch increased (p<0.01).

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 2002

학령전 아동의 zinc absorption, excretion, balance에 대하여 연구한 결과는 다음과 같다. Zinc absorption은 남자아동의 경우 29.7%, 여자아동의 경우 23.3%, 평균 25.8%로 나타났다. 대상자기 zinc absorption은 zinc intake와는 상관성이 나타나지 않았으며, zinc balance와 유의적 상관(p<0.01)을 보였다. Zinc balance는 남자아동의 경우 평균 3.25mg/day , 여자아동의 경우 1.78mg/day , 평균 2.34mg/day 로 1명의 대상자를 제외하고 모두 positive balance를 보였다. Fecal zinc loss는 평균 6.31mg/day, urinary ziilc loss는 평균 0.16mg/day 였다. zinc intake는 focal zinc loss및 zinc balance에 유의적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며(p<0.01), urinary zinc는 intake의 영향을 받지 않았다. 우리나라 학령전 아동의 zinc absorption 및 balance 는 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 이 방면의 연구 자료가 많지 않아, 성장기 아동을 대상으로 한 zinc nutrition에 대한 구체적이고 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.