• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.175-176
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• 1974

The purpose of this study was to survey bacteria which was known as a fecal bacteria living in the human and animal gastro and intestinal tract. The colony density of the fecal coliform and fecal streptococci was 280 and 130 in 100ml sample amounts reapectively. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is usually exist in swimming pool and was known as indicator of the pool water contamination was detected.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 2020

Fecal coliforms are indicator bacteria to evaluate fecal contamination and microbiological safety in environment water. To examine fecal coliforms by membrane filtration, 1% rosolic acid solution dissolved in sodium hydroxide(0.2 M) should be added to m-FC medium according to Korean standard method. To reduce the exposure of researchers to harmful chemicals and expenditure of unnecessary cost, we evaluated if the rosolic acid solution is required to detect fecal coliforms. For 113 samples collected from five intake sources of Seoul, 42 samples of six tributaries, and 11 samples of sewage, the number of fecal coliforms was compared in medium with or without the reagent. As a result, the number was higher in m-FC medium without the reagent, but there was not a statistically significant difference. In the water intake, m-FC medium without the reagent could be used to examine fecal coliforms except in July, August and in case of rainfall. When heterotrophic plate counts exceeded 1,000 CFU/filter, or during rainfall, there was an effect of background bacteria in two types of the medium. However, it was more appropriate to use m-FC medium with the reagent to suppress gram-positive bacteria that can grow on medium without the reagent. In the tributary and sewage samples, the effect of the background bacteria was low, allowing the use of medium without the reagent regardless rainfall. Thus, it is necessary to present in standard method that the addition of rosolic acid solution in m-FC medium can be selected according to the characteristics of samples.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2017

This study was conducted to develop an agent-based computing platform enabling simulation of on-farm produce contamination by enteric foodborne pathogens, which is herein called PPMCS (Preharvest Produce Microbial Contamination Simulator). Also, fecal contamination of preharvest produce was simulated using PPMCS. Although Agent-based Modeling and Simulation, the tool applied in this study, is rather popular in where socio-economical human behaviors or ecological fate of animals in their niche are to be predicted, the incidence of on-farm produce contamination which are thought to be sporadic has never been simulated using this tool. The agents in PPMCS including crop, animal as a source of fecal contamination, and fly as a vector spreading the fecal contamination are given their intrinsic behaviors that are set to be executed at certain probability. Once all these agents are on-set following the intrinsic behavioral rules, consequences as the sum of all the behaviors in the system can be monitored real-time. When fecal contamination of preharvest produce was simulated in PPMCS as numbers of animals, flies, and initially contaminated plants change, the number of animals intruding cropping area affected most on the number of contaminated plants at harvest. For further application, the behaviors and variables of the agents are adjustable depending on user's own scenario of interest. This feature allows PPMCS to be utilized in where different simulating conditions are tested.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.87-97
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to compare crop contamination between two irrigation methods using microbial-contaminated water. The effect of relative humidity on microbial survival of the three indicator microorganisms was also investigated. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 3624, and coliphage PRD1 were applied to irrigation water to grow cantaloupe, lettuce, and bell pepper. Half of the sixteen plots were subsurface drip irrigated (SDI) and the other half were furrow irrigated (FI). Two relative humidity levels were controlled at 15-65 % and 55-80 % for the dry and humid condition experiments, respectively. Samples of produce, surface soil, and subsurface soil at a depth of 10 cm were collected over a two-week period following the application of the study microorganisms. Overall, greater contamination of both produce and soil occurred in the FI plots. For the SDI plots, preferential water paths and resulting water appearance on the seed beds seemed to be responsible for produce contamination. Relative humidity levels did not appear to affect microbial survival in soil. PRD 1 showed lower inactivation rates than 5. coli in both dry and humid conditions. C. perfringens did not experience significant inactivation over the experimental period, suggesting this microorganism can be an effective indicator of fecal contamination.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.460-464
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• 2012

From 1998 to 2008, the bacteriological quality of seawater in Kamak Bay, Korea, was monitored. The total and fecal coliforms in seawater were monitored as bacterial indicators, and the level of fecal coliform contamination was used to evaluate seawater quality. In the southern shellfish growing area of Kamak Bay, the observed fecal coliform geometric mean (GM) and estimated 90th percentile did not exceed the quality standards for fecal coliforms in seawater in Korea and th USA (GM<14 MPN/100 mL, 90th percentile<43 MPN/100 mL). The GM and estimated 90th percentile of the fecal coliform levels in the adjacent northern area of Kamak Bay were higher than in the southern area. Stations near wastewater discharge sites and urban areas in the north had the lowest quality and did not meet the bacteriological seawater quality criteria. The high fecal coliform levels in the Seonso coastal region near wastewater discharges and northern urban areas declined significantly following dredging and operation of a sewage treatment plant.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.299-302
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• 2011

During experimental Eimeria infections in chickens, facilities are often contaminated by fecal oocysts known to be highly resistant to both chemical and enzymatic treatments. Thus, studies using experimental Eimeria infections have been limited due to the difficulty of complete elimination of residual oocysts from both cages and facilities. To overcome this limitation, simple, inexpensive, and disposable cages were constructed from cardboard boxes and tested during experimental Eimeria maxima infections. The cages were used in animal rooms with only a 1.7% evidence of coccidia contamination between adjacent cages. No significant differences in fecal oocyst output and body weight gain were noted between animals housed in disposable cages and animals housed in wire control cages. This cage design is a useful means for preventing oocyst contamination during experimental conditions, suggesting that this disposable cage design could be used for other avian infectious disease studies.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.520-525
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• 2023

This study aimed to detect Enterococcus spp. strain, a fecal contamination indicator, by PCR assay from short neck clams Venerupis philippinarum in Cheonsu Bay area, Chu Island area and Wonsan Island area, the west coast of Korea, from November 2022 to February 2023 of Enterococcus spp. strain was detected in 19 (79.2%) among 24 samples, and its concentration ranged from <18 to 33,000 MPN (most probable number)/100 g. The 269 isolated Enterococcus spp. strains were identified by PCR assay, and Enterococcus spp. distribution in short neck clams were E. faecium (39.8%), E. faecalis (23.0%), E. hirae (21.9%), E. gallinarum (10.4%), E. casseliflavus (1.5%), E. durans (1.5%) and unidentified strains (1.9%). Thus, E. faecium was the most dominant strain followed by E. faecalis. Overall, these results provide novel insight into the necessity for shellfish sanitation in the sea and could help reduce the fecal contamination risk.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.377-387
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• 2021

Fecal contamination levels of discharge water from inland pollution sources were investigated in Iwon-myeon (Taean-gun), South Korea. Gram-negative bacteria were isolated during the investigation and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates were examined to estimate their impact on the coastal environment. The ranges of total coliform and fecal coliform of 12 samples from four major inland pollution sources were 79-490,000 MPN/100 mL and 2.0-490,000 MPN/100 mL, respectively, with the highest level of fecal contamination at Station No. 3. A total of 137 strains (14 genus) were isolated, of which 86 strains (62.8%) were Enterobacteriaceae. The identified isolates were as follows: Pseudomonas spp. (35 strains), Klebsiella spp. (20 strains), Serratia spp. (20 strains), and Escherichia spp. (19 strains). The isolated Gram-negative bacteria showed the highest antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin (81.8%), followed by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (64.2%), ceftiofur (61.3%), and cefoxitin (59.1%). Antimicrobials in which less than 10% of isolates showed antimicrobial resistance were ciprofloxacin (3.6%) and gentamicin (2.2%). Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was observed in 121 strains (88.3%) and 84 strains (61.3%) showed a tendency for multiple antimicrobial resistance.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 2009

In 2005, the 5.84-Km length of Cheonggyecheon stream, previously covered with concrete road, was uncovered in the middle of Seoul, Korea. We investigated microbial water quality in various sites in Cheonggyecheon stream. We took water samples on three different days. The sampling sites included inflow water from upper stream (Mojeongyo), midstream (Ogansugyo), and downstream (Muhakgyo). Fecal pollution indicator microorganisms were measured by both IDEXX $Colilert^{(R)}$ and $Enterolert^{(R)}$. Microbial community from these sampling sites was also characterized based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The average concentrations of total coliform are 5 CFU/100 mL, 1474 CFU/100 mL, and 1776 CFU/100 mL at Mojeongyo, Ogansugyo, and Muhakgyo, respectively. The average concentrations of fecal coliform were 28 CFU/100 mL, 47 CFU/100 mL in Ogansugyo, and Muhakgyo, respectively. The concentrations of other fecal indicator microorganisms including E. coli and Enterococcus sp. increased in downstream. When we characterized the microbial community, unique microbial community were discovered at different sampling sites. This study suggests that Cheonggyechoen stream is likely affected by non-point fecal sources and has unique microbial environment as the river flows downstream.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.447-453
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• 2004

The prevalence of Toxocara canis eggs in the public places in the city of Gwangju were studied through examination of 800 soil and 123 fecal specimens. Toxocara canis eggs were found in 15% of soil samples. In 25% parks and 17% residential quarters, these eggs were detected with higher contamination rate than other places. The soil contamination rate of playgrounds in spring and autumn was higher than that of summer and winter, and the variation range of the rate was high in parks and residential quarters. The contamination rate of eggs in 123 samples of dogs' feces was 31%, it was higher than that of soil samples(21%).