• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.812-819
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• 2013

Forty two Malpura lambs (21 d old) were divided into three groups of 14 each consisting of 8 females and 6 males. Lambs were allowed to suckle their respective dams twice daily up to weaning (13 wks) and offered free choice concentrate and roughage in a cafeteria system. The lambs in control group were fed conventional concentrate mixture, in RBO group concentrate mixture fortified with 4% industrial grade rice bran oil and in Ca-soap rice bran oil (as in RBO group) was supplemented in the form of calcium soap. The concentrate intake decreased($p{\leq}0.05$) in RBO group as a result total dry matter, crude protein and metabolizable energy intake decreased compared to control whereas Ca-soap prepared from the same rice bran oil stimulated the concentrate intake leading to higher total dry matter, crude protein and energy intakes. The digestibility of dry matter ($p{\leq}0.05$), organic matter ($p{\leq}0.05$) and crude protein ($p{\leq}0.05$) was higher in RBO group followed by Ca-soap and control whereas no effect was observed for ether extract digestibility. Higher cholesterol ($p{\leq}0.05$) content was recorded in serum of oil supplemented groups (RBO and Ca-soap) while no effect was recorded for other blood parameters. Rice bran oil as such adversely affected and reduced the body weight gain ($p{\leq}0.001$) of lambs in comparison to control whereas the Ca-soap of rice bran oil improved body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency in lambs. Fat supplementation decreased total volatile fatty acids ($p{\leq}0.05$) and individual volatile fatty acid concentration which increased at 4 h post feeding. Fat supplementation also reduced ($p{\leq}0.05$) total protozoa count. Ca-soap of rice bran oil improved pre slaughter weight ($p{\leq}0.05$) and hot carcass weight ($p{\leq}0.05$). It is concluded from the study that rice bran oil in the form of calcium soap at 40 g/kg of concentrate improved growth, feed conversion efficiency and carcass quality as compared to rice bran oil as such and control groups.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.528-535
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• 2004

In order to observe the effects of resistant starches on human glycemic response, nine female university students were investigated using cellulose (CED), resistant starch 3 (RS3D) and resistant starch 4 (RS4D) diets. Each woman's blood sugar and insulin, triacylglycerol and free fatty in plasma concentration were measured at fasting state, then 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 120 minute after each test diet feeding. Glycemic indices of the Cellulose diet (CED: 57.9 $\pm3.00$), the Resistant starch 3 diet (RS3D: 52.6 $\pm7.9$) and the Resistant starch 4 diet (RS4D: 52.9 $\pm10.2$) were similar to each other, but they were significantly lower in comparison with those of white wheat bread diet (WWBD: 100). Insulinemic indices of the CED (49.8 $\pm8.2$), RS3D (50.0 $\pm7.3$) and RS4D (72.4 $\pm7.7$) were significantly lower in comparison with the white wheat bread diet (WWBD: 100), but among the dietary fiber diets, the insulinemic index of RS4D was significantly higher than the CED and the RS3D. Plasma triacylglycerol contents of the CED, RS3D and RS4D including WWBD showed gradual increase in tendency after lowering in early stage of each test diet feeding, but not significantly different in each dietary fiber added diet. Plasma free fatty acid contents of the CED, RS3D and RS4D including WWBD showed gradual decrease in tendency after each test diet feeding, but not significantly different by each dietary fiber added diet. In above results, we speculate that resistant starch 3 controls rapid elevation of blood sugar by delaying intestinal digestion and absorption of cellulose, but the result appears to be different from RS4 in comparison. Thus, RS3 intakes may contribute to the diet therapy of diabetic humans, but more studies on RS4 is needed in the future. (Korean J Community Nutrition 9(4): 528∼535, 2004)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 1997

The effects of Trichosanthes kirilowii Max. subfractions, which has long been used as a wild vegetable and folk medicine, on insulin activity and acute toxicity were investigated. Diabetes melitus was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by the injection of streptozotocin(STZ) into the tail vein at a dose of 45mg/kg. The hexane fraction of the plant was subfractioned by silica gel column chromatography and were administered orally for 14 days and the normal and STZ-control group were orally administered with tween 80. The body weight gain was monitored and plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid HDL-cholesterol were determined. The plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were analysed. The subjraction A of hexane fraction lowered plasma glucose levels significantly and increased insulin activity compared to that of STZ-control. The activities of AST and ALT were decreased by administration of subfractions A and C of hexane fraction. The intakes of the hexane fraction of Trichosanthes kirilowii Max. did not showed the acute toxicity. It is suggested from the results that the subfraction A of the hexane fraction of Trichosanthes kirilowii Max. showed a hypoglycemic effect on diabetic rats and that the subfraction may be beneficial for insulin secreation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.25-29
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• 1991

Performance and production of twenty lactating Holstein cows fed diets containing either soybean meal or fish meal as the primary protein source were compared in a continuous or split feeding scheme. At 1 wk prepartum four groups of five animals were placed on each experimental diet. Animals assigned to the continuous feeding scheme were continued on these diets for 10-wk postpartum. At 4 wk postpartum, the diets for the groups assigned to switching protein sources were changed. These treatments were continued for another 6 wk. Milk production and dietary intakes were recorded daily. Milk constituents were measured every 2 d. Cows weights, rumen fluid samples and jugular blood samples were collected weekly. Data showed no effect of early lactation diet on cow performance or milk characteristics. Overall, compared to the soybean meal diet, the fish meal diet lowered the milk fat percent and increased production of milk per unit of dry matter ingested. No differences were observed for volatile fatty acid content of rumen fluid, blood mineral content, milk protein, somatic cell count, 4%-fat corrected milk, dry matter intake, or body weight.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.697-703
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• 1997

본 연구는 급원이 다른 n-3 지방산 섭취가 휜쥐에서 면역반응과 PGE$_2$ 및 LTB$_4$ 생성에 미치는 영항을 알아보기 위해 시도되었다. 실험동물은 생후 4주 정도의 Sp-rague-Dawley종 수컷을 사용하였으며 실험식 이를 4 주간 섭취 시 킨 후 희생하여 면역 실험을 행하였다. 실험 군간의 식이 섭취량, 체중 증가량, 식이 효율, 비장무게는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 비장세포의 ConA와 PWM에 대한 증식능력 실험 결과는 ConA의 경우, 대조군과 FO군의 증식비율은 비슷하였고 PO군이 약간 높게 나타났으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. PW의 경우는 대조군 보다 FO군과 PO군이 높게 나타나 n-3 지방산을 섭취한 군들이 증식 능력이 높은 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 그리고 PGE$_2$의 농도는 대조군이 FO군과 PO군에 비해 유의적으로 높았으며, LTB$_4$의 농도는 실험군간의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그러므로 비장세포의 PWM에 대한 증식능력이 n-3 지방산을 섭취한 경우에 대조군보다 높았던 것이 PGE$_2$ 농도와 관련이 있는 것으로 보이며 들기름과 어유는 같은 정도의 효과를 가지는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.181-188
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• 1992

미역, 다시마 등 해조류의 주성분으로 알려진 알긴산(sodium alginate)을 0, 3, 6 및 $9\%$가 되도록 조제한 사료를 사용하여 Sprague-Dawley(SD) 웅성 흰쥐$(150\pm10g)$에 16주간 사육한 다음, 용량별 알긴산의 투여가 체중 변화와 간장의 세포막 성분으로서 미토콘드리아 및 마이크로솜 획분중의 과산화지질의 함량(malondialdehyde; n mole/mg protein) 및 과산화지표로서 peroxidizability index, 콜레스테롤과 인지질의 함량변화, 이에 따른 인지질 함량에 대한 콜레스테롤 함량의 비(Ch/Ph molar ratio), 그리고 간장의 세포막의 구성지방산 조성 등에 미치는 영향을 검토하여 몇 가지 유의성 있는 결과를 얻었다. 알긴산의 용량별$(0,\;3,\;6,\;9\%)$ 투여에 의한 체중 증가를 대조군의 136.5g을 $100\%$로 하여 비교하여 보면 3, 6 및 $9\%$의 알긴산 첨가군은 각각 $89.6\%,\;70.2\%,\;50.6\%$로 체중 증가가 유의성 있게 감소하고 있었다. 혈액과는 달리 미토콘드리아 및 마이크로 솜의 두 획분이 다같이 $6-9\%$의 알긴산 첨가군이 과산화지질의 함량을 아주 효과적으로 감소하고 있었으며, 과산화지표로서 peroxidizability index도 과산화지질의 함량과 거의 유사한 경향을 나타내고 있었다. 알긴산 무첨가의 대조군$(100\%)$ 대비 알긴산 첨가군$(3,\;6,\;9\%)$의 콜레스테롤의 함량을 비교하여 보면 미토콘드리아 획분에서는 각각$87.0\%\;, 77.5\%,\;72.3%$로, 그리고 마이크로솜 획분에서는 각각 $87.4\%\;, 68.0\%,\;68.1%$로 유의성 있게 감소하였으며, 인지질의 함량은 마이크로솜 획분에서만 $3-6\%$의 알긴산 첨가군이 유의성 있게 감소하였다. 따라서 인지질에 대한 콜레스테롤의 비(Ch/Ph molar ratio)는 두 획분에서 다같이 $3-6\%$의 알긴산 첨가군이 유의성 있게 감소하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 총지방산의 함량은 알긴산의 첨가량에 따라 유의성 있게 감소하였고, 리놀산의 함량은 $3-6\%$의 알긴산 첨가군에서 유의성 있게 증가하였으며 (p<0.005), 리놀산에 대한 아리키돈산의 비(Ara/Lino ratio)는 $3-6\%$의 알긴산 첨가군에서 현저히 감소하였다. 따라서 이상의 데이타의 결과에서 본다면 알긴산의 투여가 노화과정에 있어서 생리적 변화를 효과적으로 조절할 수 있다는 사실을 암시하고 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1098-1106
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• 2004

In a split-unit design, 12 Javan rusa (Cervus timorensis russa) stags (6 castrated and 6 entire) were used to investigate seasonal (winter, spring and summer) effects on intake, digestibility of food constituents, volatile fatty acid profile, and nitrogen retention, when given lucerne (Medicago sativa) or rhodes grass (Chloris guyana) hays. Entire stags ate 9% more dry matter (DM) than castrates (p<0.05). Both castrated and entire stags exhibited seasonal changes in DM intake, these being higher (p<0.05) in winter (62.3 g/kg $W^{0.75}$) than spring (56.9 g/kg $W^{0.75}$) or summer (55.3 g/kg $W^{0.75}$). Intakes of lucerne hay (211 g protein/kg DM) were significantly higher than of rhodes grass hay (49 g protein/kg DM) in all seasons (p<0.05). Digestibilities of DM (0.58), neutral detergent fibre (0.59) and acid detergent fibre (0.47) were similar between castrates and entires. DM digestibility was higher (p<0.0001) for lucerne (0.66) than rhodes grass (0.55), and was higher (p<0.05) in winter (0.60) than spring (0.58) or summer (0.57). The ruminal acetate concentrations were higher (p<0.001) in spring than summer (78 and 73 molar % respectively). Apparent digestibility of protein was significantly less (p<0.0001) for rhodes grass (0.37) than lucerne (0.75). N retention was positive for lucerne (15.2 g/d) but negative for rhodes grass (-2.8 g/d) (p<0.0001), and was higher (p<0.001) in summer (12.0 g/d) than spring (4.3 g/d) or winter (2.4 g/d). The tropical rusa deer exhibits seasonal variations in feed intake, food constituent digestibilities, VFA profile and N retention. Castration did not alter these traits. The results do not support the view that rusa deer can thrive on low-quality pastures. The productivity and commercial exploitation of rusa deer could be optimised if they are given high-protein feed during spring and summer.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was conducted to 9% compared with the previous experimental obesity-induced metabolic function in rats that it was a mixture of pear extract and herbal drugs(Lycii Fructus, Coicis Semen, Alimatis Rhizoma and Astragali Radix) on high fat diet-induce obesity rats. Methods : The animals were used in male rats. Control group fed high-fat diet only. Experimental groups were divided four, ExpI group was fed high-fat diet with a mixture pear extract and Lycii Fructus 9%, Exp II group was fed high-fat diet with a mixture pear extract and Coicis Semen 9%, Exp III group was fed high-fat diet with a mixture pear extract and Alimatis Rhizoma 9%, and Exp IV group was fed high-fat diet with a mixture pear extract and Astragali Radix 9% for 4 weeks. Results : The body weight gain increased in all groups, but attenuated gradually in the experimental groups compared to the control group. The food intakes were significantly lower in all Exp groups than the control group. The concentrations of serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, and free fatty acid were significantly lower in Exp II than in the control group. Also the concentration of serum free fatty acid was significantly lower in the Exp IV group than in the control group. In inflammatory activities, the Exp II, IV group was significantly lower than the control group. Conclusion : The results indicated that Exp I group (administered a mixture of pear extract and Lycii Fructus) reduced fat accumulation, body weight and the highest elevated lipid metabolism, while the Exp II group (administered the mixture of pear extract and Coicis Semen) and Exp IV group (administered the mixture of pear extract and Astragali Radix) had the highest elevated immune activity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.145-252
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• 1987

Isolated rat adipocytes are well known to possess opposite pathways of lipid metabolism: lipolysis and ipogenesis. Both of the metabolism respond to various biologically active substances such as epinephrine, ACTH and insulin. Epinephrine and ACTH stimulate lipolysis and insulin accelerates lipogenesis. Recently, Korean red ginseng powder was found to contain adenosine and an acidic poptide which inhibited epinephrine-induced lipolysis and sl imulated insulin-mediated lipogenesis from added glucose. The acidic peptide is consisted mainly of glutamic acid and glucose. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Re inhibited ACTH-induced lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes, while they did not affect insulinstimulated lipogenesis, Thus, all these substances extracted from Korean red ginseng exhibited selective modulations toward the opposite metabolic pathways in rat adipocyte; They inhibited the lipolysis but not the lipogenesis. We call these substances"selective modulators". Recently, we isolated a toxic substance named "toxohormone-L " from ascites fluid of patients with various malignant tumors. The toxohormone-L stimulated lipolysis in rat adipocytes and induced anorexia in rats. Both the lipolytic and the anorexigenic actions of toxohormone-L were found to be inhibited by ginsenoside Rb2 in Korean red ginseng. Based on these results, physiological signifi¬cances of these substances in Korean red ginseng were discussed. Pan ax ginseng is a medicinal plant long used in treatment of various pathological states including general complaints such as head ache, shoulder ache, chilly constitution and anorexia in cancer patients, There have been many pharmacological studies on Panax ginseng roots. Petkovllreported that oral administration of an aqueous alcoholic extract of ginseng roots decreased the blood sugar levtl of rabbits. Saito2lreported that Panax ginseng suppressed hyperglycemia induced by epinephrine and high carbohydrate diets. These findings suggest that Panax ginseng roots contain insulin-like substances. Previously, we demonstrated that gin¬seng roots contain an insulin-like peptide which inhibits epinephrine-induced lipolysis and stimulated insulin-mediated lipogenesis. In 1984, we suggested that such an insulin-like substance should be called a selective modulator4). Present investigation describes the details of the selective modulators in ginseng roots. During progressive weight loss in patients with various neoplastic disease, depletion of fat stores have been observed. The depletion of body fat during growth of neoplasms is associated with increase in plasma free fatty acids. Recently, we found that the ascites fluid from patients with hepatoma or ovarian tumor and the pleural fluid from patients with malignant lymphoma elicited fatty acid release in slices of rat adipose tissue in vitro. The lipolytic factor, named"toxohormone-L". was purifed from the ascites fluid of patients with hepatoma. The isolated preparation gave a single band on both disc gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol. Its molecular weight was determined to be 70,000-75,000 and 65,000 by SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation, respectively. Injection of toxohormone-L into the lateral ventricle of rats significantly suppressed food and water intakes. There was at least 5 hr delay between its injection and appearance of its suppressive effect. In the present study, we also tried to find a inhibitory substance toward toxohormone-L from root powder of ginseng.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.223-234
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• 2007

This study was done to determine the trans fatty acid (tFA) composition of human milk from postpartum to sixth months after delivery, to investigate the tFA intake of lactating women, and to estimate the intakes of tFA by infants exclusively fed breast milk. A total of 27 lactating Korean women participated to this study voluntarily, gave their breast milk, and responded to an investigation of their diets. The lactating women consumed 2.3-2.8 g/d of tFAs over the period of the first, second, third, and sixth months postpartum, which was 3.4-4.9% of the total fat intake and 0.8%-1.2% of the total energy intake. The proportions of tFAs in the breast milk were 1.89% in colostrum, 1.78% in transitional milk, and 1.78-2.25 in mature milk of the first, second, third, and sixth months postpartum. The tFAs of the breast milk identified in this study were C16:1n9t, C18:1n9t, C18:2n6t12t, C18:2n6t12c, C18:2n6t12t and C18:2n6t11t. Among them, C18:1n9t was predominant, which made up 59.26% of all tFAs in cob strum, 62.36% in transitional milk, and 64.42% in mature milk. The proportion of total tFA was unchanged with time, although some significant differences were noted for individual tFAs. The percentages of C18:2n6t12c and C18:2n6c12t decreased over the study period. Estimated tFA intake of the exclusively breast-fed infants was 0.18 g/d when fed colostrum, 0.29 g/d when fed transitional milk, and 0.53 g/d when fed mature milk until the sixth month of postpartum. Those were 0.5%, 0.8%, and 1.1% of the total energy intake. The results in this study indicate that lactating Korean women consume not a large quantity of tFAs, secrete breast milk not containing much tFA, and the estimated intake of tFAs by infants fed exclusively breast milk is not great.