• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.897-902
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the possibility for utilization of waste materials and the characteristics of pork by feeding citrus byproducts. The groups consisted of the pork without citrus byproduct (TB-0) and the pork fed with 6% and 10% citrus byproduct during growing and fattening period (TB-1). The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, vitamin $B_1$ and $B_2$, total amino acids, and caloric were not significantly different between TB-0 and TB-1 (p>0.05). The contents of cholesterol and the magnesium of TB-1 were lower than those of TB-0. Palmitic acid was the most abundant among saturated fatty acids while oleic acid was the most abundant among unsaturated fatty acids in both groups. In case of sensory score, the color and aroma of raw meat and taste, texture, juiciness and palatability of boiled meat were not influenced by feeding of citrus byproduct. But the flavor preference of boiled meat of TB-1 was higher than that of TB-0.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.597-602
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• 2010

In this study, pigs [n=117; (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc; $64{\pm}0.5$ Kg initial body weight] were used to investigate the effect of feeding different levels of lacquer (Rhus verniciflua Stokes) meal on performance, carcass traits and quality of meat kept under refrigeration at $3{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The pigs were randomly allotted to 3 treatments on the basis of body weight and sex and each treatment was replicated 3 times (13 pigs in each replicate). Lacquer meal in sawdust form obtained from the stem bark and heartwood of sun-dried lacquer trees was added to the grower and finisher diets at 0, 20 and 40 g/kg diet. The experimental diets were fed for 8 wk. Inclusion of lacquer meal had no influence (p>0.05) on growth performance of pigs. Improvement in carcass traits and decreased back fat thickness were noticed in pigs fed diets added with 20 and 40 g/kg lacquer meal. Longissimus muscle obtained from pigs fed lacquer meal had higher moisture and lower fat content, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and water holding capacity. Meat from lacquer fed pigs was also darker and redder. The data indicates that lacquer meal can be incorporated up to 40 g/kg in the diet of fattening pigs without affecting growth performance. Also, lacquer meal increases carcass lean content and improves the oxidative stability of the meat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1326-1331
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• 2003

The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of Toyocerin, a probiotic containing Bacillus toyoi spores, on the health status and productivity of pigs, during nursery, growing and finishing phases. On a commercial farrow-to-finish farm in Greece, 3 experimental groups were formed, each of 72 weaned piglets. The pigs of the first group (T1 group; negative controls) received normal feed with no antimicrobials or probiotics, the pigs of the second group (T2 group) received the same type of feed but supplemented with 1.0${\times}$10$^9$, 0.5${\times}$10$^9$ and 0.2${\times}$10$^9$ spores per kg of feed at weaning, growing and finishing stage, respectively, and the pigs of the third group (T3 group) were fed with Toyocerin at the dose of 1.0${\times}$10$^9$ spores per kg of feed during the entire fattening period (weaning, growing and finishing stages). The results have shown that, compared to the controls, Toyocerin treated pigs had reduced incidence of postweaning diarrhoea (p<0.05). Enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli were detected in faecal samples of 0% to 25% of pigs of the treated groups, but in 33.5% to 50% of pigs of the non-treated group (p<0.05). Over the negative controls, a significant improvement of weight gain (4.5% and 8.3% for T2 and T3 groups, respectively), and of feed conversion ratio (6.6% and 13.0% for T2 and T3 groups, respectively) was observed. The 76.5% of the carcasses of the T3 group was classified in the top three categories of the EUROP scale (S, E and U), whilst the respective figures were 47.8% for T2 group and only 10.5% for T1 group (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii (TG) in cattle and pigs reared in eastern areas of Gyeongbuk province by ELISA. Among 368 sera collected from 119 cattle farms, 76 (20.7%) sera from 34 (28.6%) farms had antibodies to TG. Fifty (27.2%) out of 184 cattle in Uljin-gun and 26 (14.1%) out of 184 cattle in Yeongdeok-gun were positive. Pyeonghae (50.0%) in Uljin-gun and Dalsan (33.3%) in Yeongdeok-gun had the highest TG antibodies in cattle compared to other areas. Prevalence of TG antibodies in cattle was increased with age. Among 368 sera collected from 43 pig farms, 62 (16.8%) sera from 16 (37.2%) farms had antibodies to TG. Forty (21.7%) out of 184 pigs in Uljin-gun and 22 (12.0%) out of 184 pigs in Yeongdeok-gun were positive. Uljin and Puk (40.0%) in Uljin-gun and Yeonghae (33.3%) in Yeongdeok-gun had the highest TG antibodies in pigs compared to other areas. Prevalence of TG antibodies in sows was higher than that in fattening pigs. Seasonally, prevalence of TG antibodies in pigs was highest in summer (23.4%) and lowest in winter (12.5%). Based on these observations, data indicate that infection by the protozoan parasite TG is widely prevalent in cattle and pigs reared in eastern areas of Gyeongbuk province.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.861-867
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• 2023

Lairages serve several functions, such as providing post-mortal inspections and providing a reservoir of animals to ensure the slaughter line runs efficiently. High stress lairage conditions can contribute to the accumulation of transport stress in pigs, causing poor pork quality and still stressed pigs at slaughter. The objective of this study was to investigate meat quality, blood profile and behavior changes according to lairage stocking density in in high temperature. Density treatments were as follows: LD, low density (lower than 0.5 m²/100 kg); ND, normal density (0.5 m²/100 kg to 0.83 m²/100 kg); HD, high density (higher than 0.83 m²/100 kg). Air temperature treatment was as follows: HT, high temperature (higher than 24℃). Pigs stocked with LD showed lower pH, WHC (water holding capacity), and higher DL (drip loss) and CL (cooking loss) than those stocked with HD. Pigs stocked with LD showed lower cortisol level than those stocked with HD. Therefore, Pigs exposed to high stock density (lower than 0.5 m²/100 kg) in high air temperature during pre-slaughter caused acute stress and lead to PSE (pale, soft, exudative) pork incidence. Based on obtained results, stocking of too high (lower than 0.5 m²/100 kg) density is generally not good for meat quality and animal welfare at high temperatures.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.250-258
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of a high environmental temperature on the performance, conformation, and carcass characteristics of pigs and the influence of diet. Thirty-six three-way crossed castrated male pigs with average initial body weight of 50.4 kg were used in the experiment. The pig were allocated to the following treatments: two environmental temperatures (20 and $30^{\circ}C$)${\times}$three dietary energy levels (2,980, 3,300 and 3,600 kcal/kg)${\times}$three protein levels (12.8, 15.2 and 17.2%). Daily weight gain was lighter (p<0.01) and feed: gain ratio lower (p<0.05) in pigs at $30^{\circ}C$ than for pigs at $20^{\circ}C$ The pigs at $30^{\circ}C$ were significantly taller with deeper bodies (p<0.05) and significantly longer (p<0.05) both vertically horizontally in the planum nasal when kept at $30^{\circ}C$. The width of body and the circumference of the neck were greater (p<0.05) at $20^{\circ}C$. The lean meat of the loin, middle section, ham, and hind section were significantly greater (p<0.05) in pigs kept at $30^{\circ}C$ and the belly was significantly heavier. The total unsaturated free fatty acids were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the body fat of pigs kept at $20^{\circ}C$ than in that of pigs at $30^{\circ}C$. The results indicated that when pigs are given very restricted same amounts of feed, they may need less energy to maintain their body temperature under moderately high environmental temperature ($30^{\circ}C$); consequently, their performance is better than that of pigs under optimum environmental temperature. The results showed very clearly that weight gain of pigs increased with increasing of dietary protein and energy content. The increasing of dietary protein content seemed more significant when content increasing to 17.2% compared with the 12.8 and 15.2% protein content treatments. The increasing of dietary energy content was more significant when content increasing to 3,600 compared with the other low energy content treatments.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of HACCP implementation on the medicine use, antibiotic utilization in each feeding stage and productivity of large scale swine farms (over 5,000 pigs) in Korea. Data were collected from ten swine farms before and after implementation of a HACCP system. Total number of piglets, number of initial weaning piglets, number of weaning piglets, survival rate of piglets, date of weaning piglets, number of piglets per sow per year and price for medicine used per month on HACCP implemented swine farms had a tendency to increase without any significant difference. However, parturition rate, market pig per sow per year, number of antibiotic used and farm number of feeds containing antibiotics at fattening stage added at the swine farm were significantly increased after HACCP implementation (p<0.05). Due to increase in the feed cost recently, production cost for shipment in HACCP system implemented swine farms had increased in this study. In conclusion, our results indicated that the implementation of HACCP system might have many effects including reduction of medical expenses and improvement of productivity of the pig farms.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 2007

Six pig farms were surveyed to measure the odor concentrations and characteristics of ammonia and sulfide corollary compounds in piggery. They were depended on the scale of piggery, weather conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, scales and types of pig breeding, and manure treatment methods. The highest ammonia concentrations in piggery were measured during the winter, since the tight sealed insulation in piggery made less amount of generated ammonia discharged from piggery. The objective of this study was to measure concentrations of odor in the piggery by season and growing, and to measure concentrations of odor at boundary area. So, we investigated the raising managements, manure managements, and methods of reducing odor according to farm scale. We found that concentration of ammonia gas in the swine fattening piggery in winter was the highest. This result is consistent with the lower ventilation rate to maintain Indoor temperature. In this result, there was no connection between farm scale and ventilating system. Concentration of ammonia gas was 1.64 ppm at one boundary area in the middle scale. $H_2S$, $CH_3SH$, $(CH_3)_2S$, and $(CH_3)_2S_2$ were below the standard of protection odor policy.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.835-841
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• 2012

This study was conducted to determine effect of dietary reduced antibiotics supplementation on carcass characteristics and meat quality of finishing pigs fed stevia and charcoal. A total of 180 pigs (LYD) were randomly allocated into 3 treatments with 3 replications. Dietary treatments were 1) T1 (control, basal diet, no stevia and charcoal addition, antibiotics both in early and late fattening periods), 2) T2 (basal diet, 0.3% stevia + 0.3% charcoal, antibiotics both in early and late fattening periods), 3) T3 (basal diet, 0.3% stevia + 0.3% charcoal, antibiotics in early fattening period only). At each marketing day, pigs were conventionally slaughtered, examined the carcass characteristics and loin (Longissimus) muscles were removed for the meat quality traits. In the carcass characteristics, T3 group showed higher incidence of A carcass grade compared to the other treatments. Backfat thickness was higher in T2 group compared to the others (p<0.05). In the meat quality traits, pH was higher in T1 group than T3 group (p<0.05). Cooking loss was higher in T2 group than T1 group (p<0.05). However, WHC (water holding capacity), drip loss and shear force values did not show any significant differences among treatments. In the panel test, there were no significant differences in tenderness, juiciness, flavor, and total acceptability scores among treatments. As a result, dietary supplementation of reduced antibiotics to finishing pigs fed stevia and charcoal showed similar growth performance and meat quality traits compared to conventional method.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2010

The goal of this study was to develop a suitable ventilation system for high-rise hog building (HRHB) for growing-fattening with combined slatted floor pen in second story and in situ manure management system in Korea. The HRHB was constructed as 29m long, 9m wide and 7.6m high for outer dimension with an indoor height of 3.1m and 2.4 for lower and upper floor, respectively. Ventilation systems for each treatment were installed in separated rooms of HRHB. The ventilation types installed in each room were following 3 types: ventilation type 1 (V1), where air was pulled through a circular duct inlet and exhausted by fans; ventilation type 2 (V2), where air was pulled through eave inlet (side ceiling inlet) and exhausted by fans; and ventilation type 3 (V3), where air was pulled through baffled ceiling inlet and exhausted by fans. For each ventilation system, investigated air velocity under minimum, medium and maximum ventilation ratio and air flow pattern inside. The results were as follows; For air flow pattern from top to bottom, V1 showed a homogeneous vertical type, V2 showed a bilateral symmetry type and V3 showed an vertical umbrella type. Under minimum ventilation ratio, air velocity in upper floor (80cm above the slated floor) was similar for V1, V2, and V3. Under maximum ventilation ratio, air velocity in upper floor was undeviating for V1 (0.10~0.26m/s) and varied for V2 (0.12~0.63m/s) while those for V3 was relatively slow and less varied (0.07~0.15m/s). In conclusion, Duct inlet type (V1) can be applied to the development of a new HRHB with additional evaluations such as field test hog feeding.