• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.185-200
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• 1995

In this survey, we investigated the way of thinking about meal management of housewives including the sincerity to meal preparation, the eating practices and cronic degenerative diseases related dietary behaviors, and studied the effects of above factors on the real food intakes. We also investigated the trends of health-foods and nutrient supplements usage. The results obtained from 506 housewives in Seoul were summarized as follows. Although our subjects prepared their meals habitually without special concern, they did not prefer the use of convenient foods. The food prefrence of housewivess who had more child and refered higher life status was similar with other family members. The dietary attitudes were good in large family, the higher income and the more child group. The highly educated group skipped breakfast more frequently. The mealmanagers with better education career and good living status considered for the restriction of salty foods, sweet foods, animal fats and pungent foods, and for the nutritionally balanced diet. The high income group showed great concerns about weight gain at meal times. The nutritional qualities expressed by the frequency of food group intakes were high in the better educated and living status groups, and their eating frequencies of animal protein foods and calcium sources were significantly high. Mealmanagers who had no job intaked vegetable oils through frying foods frequently. The use of health-foods and nutrient supplements was influenced by age, educational and economic level and self-estimated living status, but the trends in prevalence of both were not consistent. Health-foods were prefered by the groups of high educational career, affluent income and advanced living status, and low educational career, low income and low living status groups favored the nutrient supplements. The restrictive intake of animal fat and the use of health-food were positively correlated, which seemed that the subjects used health-foods as supplements in compensation for nutritional unbalance caused by the avoidance of animal protein foods.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.430-445
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• 2019

Natural edible waxes mixed with plant oils, containing high levels of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs), are known as oleogels. Oleogels are used for replacing saturated FAs in animal-derived food with unsaturated FAs. However, the health effects of edible waxes are not yet clearly defined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of FAs and natural waxes on the adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. The 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated and treated with FAs and waxes. These FAs [Palmitic acid (PA), Stearic acid (SA), Oleic acid (OA), Linoleic acid (LA), and Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)] and waxes [beeswax (BW) and carnauba wax (CW)] were prepared at varying concentrations, and cell toxicity, triglyceride accumulation, lipid droplets size, and distribution inside of cells were determined. Adipogenic gene expression including $PPAR{\gamma}$, FASN, $C/EBP{\alpha}$, SREBP-1, and CPT-1 was determined. Results showed that increasing the concentration of FAs and waxes led to a decrease in the adipocyte cells viability and metabolic performance. SA showed the highest level of triglyceride accumulation (p<0.05), whereas ALA showed the lowest (p<0.05). Both BW and CW at 3.0 ppm showed significantly higher lipid accumulation than in the control and other groups (p<0.05). ALA had significantly downregulated adipogenic gene expression levels, excluding those of CPT-1, compared to the other treatment groups (p<0.05). Moreover, BW demonstrated similar adipogenic gene expression levels as ALA compared to CW. Consequently, ALA and BW may have health benefits by reducing adipogenesis and can be used in processed meat.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.503-513
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of dietary consciousness of gender and generation on food intake frequency in Daegu, Sangju, Kimchen and Gumi. There was a total of 359 subjects, which consisted of elementary students, college students, and adults. The survey period was from March to May 2011, and it was a self-questionnaire by convenience sampling. The results were as follows: 1. A 9 point scale on intake frequency of 59 kinds foods was classified into 17 groups. Gender had significant differences on intake frequency of meats, beans, root vegetables, tuber vegetables, fruit vegetables, mushrooms, nuts, liquors, and cola. Sixteen food groups, except for fats, showed significant differences in intake frequency by generation. 2. Dietary consciousness consisted of 15 items, and it was divided into nutritional consciousness and meal consciousness. Meal consciousness was significantly higher in females than in males, as well as college students and adults than in elementary students. 3. Nutritional consciousness had significant effects on intake frequencies of grains, leaf vegetables, root vegetables, fruit vegetables, milk and milk products, fat and fatty oils. Meal consciousness had effects on intake of grain, leaf vegetables, root vegetables, seaweeds, teas and coffee. 4. Meal consciousness of males had significant effects on intake frequencies of grains, leaf vegetables, root vegetables, seaweeds, teas, and coffee. Elementary students showed significant effects on grains, leaf vegetables, root vegetables and seaweeds.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.1128-1149
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• 2023

In order to extend the shelf life of refrigerating raw lamb by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, preventing the oxidation of fat and protein, and absorbing the juice outflow of lamb during storage, an active packaging system based on plastic/gelatin bilayer film with essential oil was developed in this study. Three kinds of petroleum-derived plastic films, oriented polypropylene (OPP), polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene, were coated with gelatin to make bilayer films for lamb preservation. The results showed significant improvement in the mechanical properties, oxygen, moisture, and light barriers of the bilayer films compared to the gelatin film. The OPP/gelatin bilayer film was selected for further experiments because of its highest acceptance by panelists. If the amount of juice outflow was less than 350% of the mass of the gelatin layer, it was difficult for the gelatin film to separate from lamb. With the increase in essential oil concentration, the water absorption capacity decreased. The OPP/gelatin bilayer films with 20% mustard or 10% oregano essential oils inhibited the growth of bacteria in lamb and displayed better mechanical properties. Essential oil decreased the brightness and light transmittance of the bilayer films and made the film yellow. In conclusion, our results suggested that the active packaging system based on OPP/gelatin bilayer film was more suitable for raw lamb preservation than single-layer gelatin film or petroleum-derived plastic film, but need further study, including minimizing the amount of essential oil, enhancing the mechanical strength of the gelatin film after water absorption.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1341-1350
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• 2009

Dietary lipids are rapidly hydrolysed and biohydrogenated in the rumen resulting in meat and milk characterised by a high content of saturated fatty acids and low polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which contributes to increases in the risk of diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. There has been considerable interest in altering the fatty acid composition of ruminant products with the overall aim of improving the long-term health of consumers. Metabolism of dietary lipids in the rumen (lipolysis and biohydrogenation) is a major critical control point in determining the fatty acid composition of ruminant lipids. Our understanding of the pathways involved and metabolically important intermediates has advanced considerably in recent years. Advances in molecular microbial technology based on 16S rRNA genes have helped to further advance our knowledge of the key organisms responsible for ruminal lipid transformation. Attention has focused on ruminal biohydrogenation of lipids in forages, plant oils and oilseeds, fish oil, marine algae and fat supplements as important dietary strategies which impact on fatty acid composition of ruminant lipids. Forages, such as grass and legumes, are rich in omega-3 PUFA and are a useful natural strategy in improving nutritional value of ruminant products. Specifically this review targets two key areas in relation to forages: i) what is the fate of the lipid-rich plant chloroplast in the rumen and ii) the role of the enzyme polyphenol oxidase in red clover as a natural plant-based protection mechanism of dietary lipids in the rumen. The review also addresses major pathways and micro-organisms involved in lipolysis and biohydrogenation.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.503-509
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• 2013

There is little information on dietary vitamin K intake and nutritional status of daily requirements of vitamin K in Korea. The objective of this study was to investigate the vitamin K intake and major food sources of Vitamin K in Koreans. The survey data from the 2010-2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 7,792 subjects (aged 19-64 years) were examined. Total vitamin K intake was calculated from 24-hour dietary recall using a vitamin K food database, Computer Aided Nutritional analysis Program and the United States Department of Agriculture database. The geometric mean of vitamin K was estimated as $322.40{\pm}6.33ug/day$ for men and $271.20{\pm}4.92ug/day$ for women. Daily vitamin K intake increased significantly with age (p for trend < 0.001). The main food source of vitamin K was vegetables (72.84%), including cabbage kimchi (19.26%), spinach (17.38%), sesame leaves (7.11%), radish leaves (6.65%), spring onions (6.28%), and laver (4.82%), followed by seaweed, seasonings, and fat and oils. We observed that the vitamin K intake of Koreans was relatively higher than that reported by other studies in Western countries and differed depending on age.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.231-237
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• 2009

Trans free margarine stock (TFMS) was produced by lipase-catalyzed synthesis of fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO), avocado oil (AO) and palm oil (PO). A blend of FHSBO, AO, and PO with a 1:5:4 (30:150:120 g, respectively) ratio was interesterified with lipozyme RM IM(from Rhizomucor miehei) in a 1 L-batch type reactor at 65 for 12 hr, and the physicochemical and melting properties of TFMS were compared with commercial margarine. The solid fat content (%) of the TFMS was analyzed at 25, 30, and $35^{\circ}C$, respectively, while its melting point was $37.8^{\circ}C$. The trans fatty acid content of the TFMS was below 0.1%. It also had acid, saponification, and iodine values of 0.4, 173.9, and 58.6, respectively. In HPLC chromatograms of the TFMS, newly synthesized peaks of triacylglycerol molecules were observed by using reverse-phase HPLC with evaporative light-scattering detection. Normal-phase HPLC with UV detection was used to quantify tocopherols in the TFMS, indicating that its ${\alpha}-$, ${\gamma}-$ and ${\delta}$-tocopherol contents were 5.7, 2.1, and 1.7 mg/100 g, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.833-840
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to obtain baseline data of nutritional management for women's bone health according to age. This study was conducted through questionnaire, bone mineral density(BMD) measurement by DEXA and dietary survey by 24hr recalls to 134 adult women. Subjects were divided into three groups: young women group who aged 20-29(n=48), middle aged women group who aged over 30 and were pre-menopause(n=36), postmenopausal women group(n=48). The body fat percent of postmenopausal women group was the highest among the three groups. BMD of lumbar spine(L1-L2) were $0.93\;g/cm^2$ for young women, $0.97\;g/cm^2$ for middle aged women, and $0.88\;g/cm^2$ for postmenopausal women, respectively(p<0.05). BMD of femoral neck(p<0.05), trochanter(p<0.05), and ward's (p<0.001) were significantly decreased as age increasement. Drinking alcohol and skipping meals were significantly higher in young women groups than in the other groups, however frequency of doing regular exercise was significantly lower in young women groups. Young women group consumed the significantly higher amount of cereals(p<0.05), sugar and sweeteners(p<0.001), meats(p<0.01), eggs(p<0.01), milks(p<0.05) and oils(p<0.001) than middle aged and postmenopausal women. Also, energy(p<0.001), animal protein, (p<0.01), plant oil(p<0.001), animal fat(p<0.001), retinol(p<0.001), vitamin E(p<0.01), and cholesterol(p<0.001) intakes of young women were highest among the three groups. However, young women group consumed the significantly lower amount of dietary fiber(p<0.05), vitamin C(p<0.01), folate(p<0.05) and fruits(p<0.01) than the other groups. To summarized the our results, young women who were in still undergoing bone formation activity to develope peak bone mass, had more dietary habit and lifestyle problems than middle aged and postmenopausal women. The results of this study revealed that nutritional management and education for bone health should be emphasized in young women not only aged women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.679-686
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• 2004

In order to find the relationships of nutrient intakes and food consumptions to calorie intake for young and middle-aged men, a study was peformed using the data of Korean National HealthㆍNutrition Survey in 1998. Data from 659 young men (20 to 29 years) and 1,697 middle-aged men (30 to 49 years) were analysed for percent of recommended daily allowance (%RDA), index of nutritional quality (INQ) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) in order to evaluate one's Quality and quantity. We found that energy and nutrient intakes were not significantly different between young and middle-aged groups. Their calorie and nutrient intakes were below their RDA. The most insufficiently consumed nutrient (less than 75% of RDA) was calcium followed by thiamin vitamin A, and calorie. The lacks of calorie, protein, iron, vitamin C, and niacin were more widely-spread in the twenties than the middle-aged. The mean nutrient adequacy ratio of the middle-aged was better than that of the young, even though some INQ were worse. Only for the subjects consumed sufficient energy, there were positive relations between grains, meats or alcoholic drinks to calorie level in middle-aged men but there were positive relations between broiled fish/shell or fats/oils to calorie level in young men. It seemed that both middle-aged men eating alcoholic drinks, broiled meat, and grains and young men eating cake/cookies, rice cake/potato cake, grains, and sugars could consume enough calorie with nutritional imbalance.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.604-615
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits of smokers and non-smokers among a few male university students residing in Changwon-si and factors that affect their smoking behavior. A self-administered questionnaire was conducted for a duration of one month in June 2015 (n=367). The results of this study showed that the breakfast skipping rate of the smoking group was significantly higher compared to the non-smoking group (p<0.001), and the smoking rate was significantly higher among those with more serious smoking problems (p<0.001). Compared to the non-smoking group, the smoking group showed significantly higher BMI (body mass index) (p<0.05) and demonstrated significant drinking habit of more liquid type yogurt among milk and dairy products and significantly more coffee mixes among fat, oils, and sugars (p<0.05). The results of multiple regression analysis showed the necessity to prepare smoking systems in school (t=-2.87, p<0.05), encumbrances to studies due to smoking (t=-3.59, p<0.001), and variables that affect smoking such as the number of close friends who smoke (t=4.17, p<0.001), BMI (t=3.08, p<0.05), and the level of problematic drinking (t=3.67, p<0.001). The results of this study suggest factors that must be considered in establishing smoking prevention education programs, anti-smoking policies, and strategies for university students.