• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 1988

We have studied the effect of fasting on $Na^+$, $K^{+}-ATPase$ activities in the rat intestinal mucosa. Rats were fasted for $18{\sim}48hr$. Intestinal microsomal fraction was prepared by the method of Robinson and ATPase activities were determined by the modified method of Fiske and Subbarow. $Na^+$, $K^{+}-ATPase$ activity was not changed after fasting for 18 and 24 hr but significantly decreased after fasting for 48 hr. Fasting over 18 to 48 hr period had no effect on the $Mg^{++}-ATPase$. Thus, it may be concluded that 48 hr fasting has inhibitory effect on rat intestinal absorptive capabilities. In order to study the effect of Ginseng on the $Na^+$, $K^{+}-ATPase$ activities of the small intestine in chronic $K^{+}-depleted$ rats, rats were fed $K^{+}-depleted$ diets for 3 weeks and Ginseng ethanol extracts were administered orally for 3 weeks concomitantly. ATPase activity was measured by the same method as fasting group. $Na^+$, $K^{+}-ATPase$ activity in the $K^{+}-depleted$ diet group was increased and Ginseng ethanol extracts inhibited the increase of enzyme activity induced by $K^{+}-depleted$ diet. Thus, it may be suggested that increase in the intestinal $Na^+$, $K^{+}-ATPase$ activity of chronic $K^{+}-depleted$ group may be due to the compensatory mechanism and administration of Ginseng with $K^{+}-depleted$ diet may be associated with inhibition of increase in the enzyme activity of the $K^{+}-depleted$ group due to the prevention of the $K^+$ loss in the $K^{+}-depletion$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.664-671
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• 2002

To investigate the effects of different type of dietary fat on survival metabolism of fasting rats, one group rats (FO) were fasted, another one group rats (BM) were fed normal diet and the others were fed only one of the following fat diets: beef tallow (FT), corn oil (FC), and perilla oil (FP) of 11.4g/kg respectively. Most FO group rats survived for 6 days and large part of the only-fat-diet groups rats survived for 16 days. Body weights of all rats in fasting and only-fat-groups, measured just one day prior to death owing to fasting or caloric malnutrition, decreased by 24.5%~25% only-fat to fasting rat somewhat extended the survival time but the specific properties of dietary fat types had no remarkably differential effect on survival time and body weight gain rate. The features of liver and kidney weight gain rate of all rats in fasting and only-fat-diet groups were similar to those of body weight gain rate. In FO groups blood levels of total-cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose markedly reduced whereas GPT activities and BUN levels considerably increased as compared to BM group. However the types of dietary fat perse did not affect blood total cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, BUN levels, and GPT activities in early stage of fasting in FC and FP group. GPT activities in rats of FP group just prior to death of starvation seemed to be affected by the dietary fat types. The results showed that only-fat-feeding to fasting rats somewhat extended survival time but the types of dietary fat had no remarkably differential effect on survival time and metabolism of fasting rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1993

In this study rats in fasting or fed protein free restricted diet including only fat showed much lowered level of serum cholesterol and triglyceride accompanied by utmost weight loss and high level of blood urea nitrogen indicated the tissue degradation, especially in liver with signs of damage or necrosis of hepatic parenchymal cell leading to elevated glutamic pyruvate transaminase value and to death. Rats fed only perilla oil in starvation or as fat source in normal diet dropped down the level of serum cholesterol and triglyceride compared to beef tallow fed rat. But with evidence of glutamic pyruvate transaminase values which was significantly elevated long term ingestion of perilla oil is likely to cause the lesion or any damage of hepatic function.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.715-722
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• 2008

There are marked variations in the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) among adipose depots. The aim of this study was to compare the mechanisms of 24 h of fasting on LPL regulation between epididymal (EPI) adipocytes and mesenteric (MES) adipocytes in rats. 1-Day fasting consistently decreased activities of heparin-releasable LPL, total extractable LPL and cellular LPL markedly in both EPI and MES fat pads. LPL activity in MES fat pads was relatively lower than in the EPI fat pads. Consistent with data on LPL activity, the levels of expression of LPL mRNA in both nutritional states were lower in MES than EPI adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes. The decreased LPL activity after 1 day of fasting in MES adipocytes was explained mainly by a 50% decrease in the relative abundance of LPL mRNA level and a parallel 50% decrease in relative rate of LPL synthesis. In contrast, fasting of 1 day in EPI adipocytes decreased total LPL activity by 47% but did not affect LPL mRNA level or relative rate of LPL synthesis. A decrease in overall protein synthesis contributed to the decreased LPL activity after 1 day fasting both in EPI and MES adipocytes. In MES adipocytes the decrease in LPL activity, LPL mRNA and LPL synthesis were comparable, but in EPI adipocytes the changes in LPL activity were substantially larger than the changes in LPL mRNA level and LPL synthesis. Therefore, fasting decreased fat cell size, LPL activity, LPL mRNA level and relative rate of LPL synthesis in rats, and these effects were more marked in the MES adipocytes. These results clearly demonstrate the regional variations in the metabolic response of adipose tissue and LPL functions to fasting.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.385-389
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• 2004

A novel gene Jpk, originally isolated as a trans-acting factor associating with the position-specific regulatory element of murine Hox gene has been reported to be expressed differentially in the liver of diabetic animals. Therefore, in an attempt to develop a possible diagnostic marker and/or new therapeutic agent for the Diabetes Mellitus, we analysed the expression pattern of Jpk among organs of normal and diabetic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Total RNAs were isolated from each organs (brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, blood, and testis) of diabetic and normal rats in both normal feeding and after fasting condition. And then RT (reverse transcription) PCR has been performed using Jpk­specific primers. The Jpk gene turned out to be expressed in all organs tested, with some different expression profiles among normal and diabetes, though. Upon fasting, Jpk expressions were reduced in all organs tested except kidney, muscle and brain of normal rat. Whereas in diabetes, Jpk expressions were increased in all organs except heart, muscle and testis when fasted. Compared to the normal rat, the Jpk expression level in blood was remarkably upregulated (about 15-30times) in diabetic rat whether in normal feeding or fasting conditon, suggesting that the Jpk could be a candidate gene for the possible blood diagnostic marker for the Diabetes Mellitus.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2009

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of fasting and high-fat diet feeding on uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) mRNA levels, uncoupling the respiratory chain and producing heat, of skeletal muscle in rat. METHODS. Fasting experiment: Forty Male Sprague-Dawley rats (5 wk) were divided into non-fasting groups (CON) and fasting groups (FG) for 0 day, 0.5 day (12 hr), 1 day, 2 day and 3 day. The rats of CON were sacrificed at 0 and 3 day. High-fat diet experiment: Forty Male Sprague-Dawley rats (5 wk) were divided into low-fat diet groups (LF) and high-fat diet group feeding for 0 day, 0.5 day (12 hr), 1 day, 2 day and 3 day. The rats of LF were sacrificed at 0 and 3 day. Analysis: Analysis of UCP3 mRNA expression was used by Real-time PCR. RESULTS. UCP3 mRNA levels of FG group were increased according to time course for 2 days- fasting but decreased at 3 day-fasting. UCP3 mRNA of HF were increased during HF diet feeding for 2 day, and peaked at 1 day-HF feeding, but decreased 2 day and 3 day-HF feeding CONCLUSION. Therefore, it may be rational that UCP3 is up-regulation when a large amount of fatty acids influx occurs in skeletal muscles as well as might have a role for fine adjustments of energy expenditure.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.283-289
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• 2002

The present study was aimed at investigating the metabolic regulation of insulin-like growth factor-I(IGF-I) expression in fasting animals. The expression of IGF-I gene was determined by a solution hybridization/RNase protection assay using total RNA from control, 4d-fasting, and 2d-fasting-refed rats. The levels of IGF-I transcripts were reduced in 4d-fasting than in control by decreasing its transcriptional rate, which was measured through nuclear nun-on assay. DNase I footprinting, which was performed using nuclear extracts from fasting rat, demonstrated protein binding to a sequence that extended from +179 to +210 (termed region B). These data suggest that the expression of IGF-I is transcriptionally regulated through DNA-liver enriched protein binding in a sequence which is located downstream from major transcription initiation site of IGF-I gene.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.376-381
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• 2003

Acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACS4) is an arachidonate-preferring enzyme abundant in steroidogenic tissues. We examined ACS4 in rat liver, which contains a variety of pathways that use acyl-CoAs, in order to determine subcellular locations. We demonstrate that ACS4 protein was present most abundantly in the mitochondria and to a much lesser extent in the peroxisomes and microsomes. To determined the dietary effects on the level of ACS4 mRNA, northern blotting was carried out using total RNA from the livers of adult male rats fed various diets. Fasting, high fat diet, and fat-free high sucrose diet increased the hepatic level of ACS4 mRNA approximately 2-fold. Furthermore, the levels of ACS4 mRNA were induced by DEHP[Di- (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate]. These data suggest that ACS4 expression in the liver is regulated with a variety of pathways, including $\beta$-oxidation, hormone, and insulin.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.364-368
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• 1997

Onion (Allium cepa Linn) has been reported to have hypoglycemic activity in human and several animal models. In the present study, we performed intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in young (1.5mo) and aged (5 mo) rats treated with onion in order to determine whether aging can influence on the anti-hy-perglycemic effect of onion. In addition, we investigated the hypoglycemic effect of onion in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats treated with aqueous extracts of onion (500 mg/kg, i.p., daily) for 4 weeks. Blood glucose level was determined in fasted and fed rats by using a glucometer (Johnson & Johnson). In glucose tolerance test, blood glucose level was maximally increased 15 min after glucose load (2 g/kg, i.p.), and recovered to the basal level 3 hr after glucose challenge in young and old rats. The maximum blood glucose levels of young and aged rat were 184$\pm$7.49 and 225.2$\pm$ 12.55 mg/dl, respectively. A single i.p. injection of aqueous extract of onion (1 g/kg) 30 min before glucose challenge significantly decreased blood glucose levels at 15, 30, 60, 90 min after glucose load in aged rats, while the administration of onion did not show any significant effect in young rats. In onion-treated diabetic rats, significant hypoglycemic effect (p<0.05) was observed, and the effect was greater in fasted rats than in fed. In conclusion, these results suggest that anti-hyperlycemic effect of onion can be changed by age and fasting.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1670-1674
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• 2001

To understand molecular mechanisms that regulate deposition and release of intramuscular fat, a fasting-induced clone was identified by differential screening from cDNA library of adipose tissues of Korean cattle. The clone had a total length of 1,319 nucleotides coding for 334 amino acids. It was identified as one encoding L-lactate dehydrogenase H chain (LDH-B). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of bovine LDH-B with those of pig, human, rat, and mouse showed 98%, 98%, 97%, and 96% identity, respectively. Food deprivation for 48 h increased mRNA levels of LDH-B gene in adipose tissues of Korean cattle compared to fed- and 6 h refed- tissues. The expression of obese mRNA was examined for individual adipose tissue from several fat depots. Fasting induced expression of LDH-B gene in subcutaneous adipose tissues, but it did not affect expression levels in abdominal, perirenal and intramuscular tissues. Results demonstrate that induction of LDH-B gene during fasting may represent a metabolic shift from anaerobic state to aerobic predominance in fasted adipose tissues and that its responses to fasting are different among several adipose tissues.