• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.193-204
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• 2009

A 10.4-m high highway embankment retained behind mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls is under construction in the northeastern part of the Indian state of Bihar. The structure is constructed with compacted, micaceous, grey, silty sand, reinforced with polyester (PET) geogrids, and faced with reinforced cement concrete fascia panels. The connections between the fascia panels and the geogrids failed on several occasions during the monsoon seasons of 2007 and 2008 following episodes of heavy rainfall, when the embankment was still under construction. However, during these incidents the MSE embankment itself remained by and large stable and the collateral damages were minimal. The observational data during these incidents presented an opportunity to develop and calibrate a simple procedure for estimating rainfall induced pore water pressure development within MSE embankments constructed with backfill materials that do not allow unimpeded seepage. A simple analytical finite element model was developed for the purpose. The modeling results were found to agree with the observational and meteorological records from the site. These results also indicated that the threshold rainwater infiltration flux needed for the development of pore water pressure within an MSE embankment is a monotonically increasing function of the hydraulic conductivity of backfill. Specifically for the MSE embankment upon which this study is based, the analytical results indicated that the instabilities could have been avoided by having in place a chimney drain immediately behind the fascia panels.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 2015

Objective: This study aimed to elucidate the effects of thoracolumbar fascia release (TLFR) on the degree of pain and disability in patients with shoulder pain. Design: Randomized control trial. Methods: Thirty subjects with shoulder pain participated in this study. They were allocated to TLFR group (n=15) and manual physical therapy (MPT) group (n=15). Shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) and the score on the visual analogue scale (VAS) were measured before and after TLFR. Results: In the TLFR group, the degree of shoulder pain as indicated by SPADI measured after the intervention significantly differed from that before the intervention (p<0.05); moreover, in the MPT group, the degree of shoulder pain was significantly lower (p<0.05). The data of the 2 groups before the intervention significantly differed from those after the intervention (p<0.05). SPADI significantly differed within the groups (p<0.05), but not between the groups. The sum of SPADI did not differ significantly between the groups. The VAS scores of shoulder pain measured before the intervention significantly differed from those measured after the intervention (p<0.05) in the both groups. After the intervention, shoulder pain decreased significantly in the TLFR group as compared to that in the MPT group. Conclusions: TLF release was effective in reducing shoulder pain. The results of this study can be applied in clinical practice for TLFR performed to reduce shoulder pain. Further studies will need to be performed to elucidate the effects of TLFR on functional recovery.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.121-125
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was carried out to analyse Hand Greater Yang Skin in human. Methods: Hand Greater Yang meridian was labeled with latex in the body surface of the cadaver. And subsequently body among superficial fascia and muscular layer were dissected in order to observe internal structures. Results : A depth of Skin encompasses a common integument and a immediately below superficial fascia, this study established Skin boundary with adjacent structures such as relative muscle, tendon as compass. The Skin area of the Hand Greater Yang in human are as follows: The skin close to 0.1chon ulnad of $5^{th}$ nail angle, ulnad base of $5^{th}$ phalanx, ulnad head of $5^{th}$ metacapus(relevant muscle: abductor digiti minimi muscle), ulnad of hamate, tip of ulnar styloid process(extensor carpi ulnaris tendon), radiad of ulnar styloid process, 2cm below midpoint between Sohae and Yanggok(extensor carpi ulnaris), between medial epicondyle of humerus and olecranon of ulnar(ulnar nerve), The skin close to deltoid muscle, trapezius muscle, platysma muscle, inner muscles such as teres major muscle, infraspinatus muscle, supraspinatus muscle, levator scapulae muscle, splenius cervicis muscle, splenius capitis muscle, sternocleidomastoid muscle, digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle, zygomaticus major muscle, auricularis anterior muscle. Conclusions: The Skin area of the Hand Greater Yang from the anatomical viewpoint seems to be the skin area outside the superficial fascia or muscles involved in the pathway of Hand Greater Yang meridian, collateral meridian, meridian muscle, with the condition that we consider adjacent skins.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.151-161
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• 2021

Purpose : This study was to investigate the effectiveness of ESWT and plantar fascia-specific stretching exercise vs ESWT and high-load strengthening exercise in patients with chronic plantar fasciitis. Methods : The subjects were randomized to extracorporeal shock wave therapy ( ESWT, for 3 weeks) and daily plantar-specific stretching (Group I: Stretch group) or ESWT and high-load progressive strength (Group II: Strength group) performed every second day. The main outcome measures were ultrasound, visual analogue scale (VAS), and Korean Foot Function Index (KFFI). The ultrasound (plantar fascia thickness), pain intensity I, II (the most painful of the day?, the pain when you first step in the morning?) and KFFI (functional performance) were compared between the groups. Results : No significant difference was observed between the groups in the plantar fascia thickness but pain intensity I, II was significantly lower in Group 2 than in Group 1 at only 12weeks and functional performance was also significantly increased in Group 2 compared to Group 1 at only 12 weeks. Conclusion : The high-load strengthening exercise consisting of the progressive exercise protocol, resulted in superior after 12 weeks compared with plantar-specific stretching. High-load strength exercise may aid in a quicker reduction in pain and improvements in functional performance.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.72-77
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was carried out to concrete the concept of Hand Gworeum Skin referred in Suwen of Huangdi Neijing. Methods: The Hand Gworeum Meridian was labeled with latex in the body surface of the cadaver, subsequently dissecting a superficial fascia and muscular layer in order to observe internal structures. Results: Skin histologically encompasses a common integument and a immediately below superficial fascia, this study established the skin boundary with adjacent structures such as relative muscle, tendon as its compass. The realm of the Hand Gworeum Skin is as follows: The skin close to the nipple on the 4th intercostal space, the interceps of biceps brachii muscle, the cubital surface at ulnad of bicipital aponeurosis, the anterior surface of the forearm, between flexor carpi radialis and palmaris longus(from wrist crease to 5chon above), the palm between the 3rd and 4th metacarpals on the cross part with the palm crease, the radiod from the middle finger nail(or the end of middle finger). The realm of the Hand Gworeum Skin is situated on between Hand Taeeum Skin and Hand Soeum Skin in front of arm. Conclusion: The realm of Hand Gworeum Skin from the anatomical viewpoint seems to be the skin area outside the superficial fascia or the muscle involved in the pathway of the Hand Gworeum Meridian vessel, Collateral Meridian vessel, and Meridian muscle, being considered adjacent vessels or nerves at the same time.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.42-59
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• 2022

Objectives: This study was done to establish the anatomical meaning of the term 'Geun(筋)'. Methods: Through analysis of 《HwangJeNaeGyeong(黃帝內經)》, the meaning of 'Geun(筋)', 'GeunMag(筋膜)', 'Yug(肉)', and 'Gi(肌)' were established. Based on analysis, the anatomical meaning of the 'Meridian-muscle(經筋)' was studied by comparing it with anatomy. Results & Conclusions: 'Gyeong(經)' is recognized as a metaphysical expression and "Geun(筋)" means myofascia in anatomy. The concept of 'Geun(筋)' includes the epimysium and perimysium, as well as tendons and ligaments, which are extensions of these. 'Fascia', refers to the fascia of the whole body, and also appertain to 'Geun(筋)'. 'Yug(肉)' means endomysium, muscle fiber, and adipose tissue and layer. The word 'GeunMag(筋膜)' used in the 《HwangJeNaeGyeong(黃帝內經)》 means anatomically a 'tendon'. Therefore, 'Muscle' should be translated as 'GeunYug(筋肉)' in Traditional medicine. 'Meridian-muscle(經筋)' can be defined as the longitudinal muscle and fascia system, which is the basis of whole body encompassing dynamics.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.2321-2326
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• 2011

Cervical vertebrae are a complex structure and an important part of human body connecting the head and the trunk. In this paper, we propose a method to extract sternocleidomastoid muscle from ultrasonography images of cervical vertabrae automatically. In our method, Region of Interests(ROI) is extracted first from an ultrasonography image after removing unnecessary auxiliary information such as metrics. Then we apply Ends-in search stretching algorithm in order to enhance the contrast of brightness. Average binarization is then applied to those pixels which its brightness is sufficiently large. The noise part is removed by image processing algorithms. After extracting fascia encloses sternocleidomastoid muscle, target muscle object is extracted using the location information of fascia according to the number of objects in the fascia. When only one object is to be extracted, we search downward first to extract the target muscle area and then search from right to left to extract the area and merge them. If there are two target objects, we extract first from the upper-bound of higher object to the lower-bound of lower object and then remove the fascia of the target object area. Smearing technique is used to restore possible loss of the fat area in the process. The thickness of sternocleidomastoid muscle is then calculated as the maximum thickness of those extracted objects. In this experiment with 30 real world ultrasonography images, the proposed method verified its efficacy and accuracy by health professionals.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.5723-5729
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the imbalance of muscle tone and frequent exposure to excessive gait training in patients with chronic spasticity due to stroke, the thickness of the plantar fascia to change and to evaluate. The subjects of this study was in 54 patients with chronic stroke from 18 patients Group I(MAS G0), 18 patients Group II(MAS G1), and 18 patients Group III(MAS G2) were selected. Measurement of clinical symptoms and physical examination, MAS(Modified Ashworth Scale), ultrasonographic, ROM(Range of Motion), VAS(Visual Analogue Scale), TUG(Timed Up and Go test) was measured. The study results were each group between the unaffected side and the affected side on plantar fascia thickness was statistically significantly thicker(p<.001). Each group between the unaffected side and the affected side on ankle dorsiflexion ROM was statistically significantly decrease(p<.001), VAS(p<.001), TUG(p<.001) statistically significantly increase(p<.001). In this study, the plantar fascia pathokinesiology ever presented by the contents of gait training in stroke patients is one of the information that you need to consider when presented.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.183-194
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• 2006

The threadlike structures of fascia were examined by tight and electron microscopy. In order to distinguish its tissue organization, we used staining methods including hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, Van Gieson's collagen fiber stain and Kluver-Barrera's luxol fast blue for nerve stain. Under the light microscope, the threadlike structures were composed of many collagen fibers and nerve. In higher magnification, they looked like as the bundle of tubular structures. Many myoid cell-spindle nuclei were observed in the tissue, which were taken from the fascia. It was identical with Bonghan duct known as one of meridian network theory. In the early 1960's the North Korean Bong-Han Kim showed the anatomical structures of the acupuncture points, and explained the meridian system as the concrete duct network system. According to Bonghan theory the Bonghan ducts spread throughout the body Because it is believed that the duct could have the role of signal pathway, the theory was reinvestigated in these days. All of the threadlike structures isolated from fascia shows the abundance of collagen fibers. The electron microscope examination (TEM) could confirm the well arranged collagen fiber and nerve. This investigation reveals that superficial Bohghan duct are nerve fiber parallel running with collagen fibers. We conjectured that the intermingled structure of collagen fiber, blood vessel and nerve fiber might have the role of meridian system. And the more, regardless of histological research, the study on collagen fiber as response transmitter in acupuncture treatment are in need.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.114-120
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• 1990

This is a case report of correction of posttraumatic diplopia and enophthalmos using autogenous composite conchal cartilage and temporal fascia. The results are as follows. 1. Diplopia and enophthalmos may be persistent complications in zygomatic complex fracture. 2. The concha is a reservior of autogenous cartilage which leaves no cosmetic and functional deformity in reconstruction of orbital floor. 3. Warpping the cartilage in temporal fascia may serve to increase implant stability and get graft with smooth edge. 4. Donor incision lines are well hidden within the scalp and in auriculocephalic fold.