• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.169-173
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• 2001

Objectives: The p53 tumor suppressor gene encodes a nuclear transcription factor that is critical regulator of cell growth and proliferation through its action in cell-cycle checkpoint control. The wide variety of stressful stmuli which include DNA damage, hypoxia, heat shock, metabolic changes activate the p53 protein, which in turn drives a series of events that culminate either in cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Mutations of the p53 gene is the most common genetic alteration in human cancer. This gene is altered in approximately 40-60% of head and neck cancers. Whereas the wild-type form of the p53 protein plays a central role in cell-cycle control in response to DNA damage, most of the mutant forms are unable to do so. The high levels of p53 protein expression in tissues are related to the increased cellular proliferative activity and may be associated with the poor clinical outcome. To determine whether the expression of the p53 protein has prognostic significance and is associated with patterns of treatment failure in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), We analyzed p53 overexpression in 40 cases of HNSCC. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis with a monoclonal antibody (DO7) specific for p53 protein was used to detect expression of the protein in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples from 40 HNSCC. We evaluated p53 protein expression and analyzed the relationship between the p53 overexpression and age, sex, primary tumor site, stage, survival rate, recurrence. All reported P values resulted from two-sided statistical tests. Results: Overexpression of p53 was detected in 20 cases(50%) among 40 cases of HNSCC. The p53 overexpression was not associated with age, sex, primary tumor site, stage, recurrence and survival rate. Conclusions: In our results, p53 was not significant prognostic factor in HNSCC. Based on many previous studies, It is evident that p53 has a certain role in tumorigenesis of HNSCC. So, the further study is needed to evaluate the prognostic significance of p53 in HNSCC.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.225-233
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• 1996

From August 1992 to July 1996, 63 consecutive patients underwent coronary artery bypass surgery. The mean age of these patient was 57 years(range form 30 to 71years). There were 44 men and 19 women. Preoperative 12 patients had stable angina pectoris and 23 patients were unstable angina pectoris. 8 patients had previous myocardial infarctation history and emergency or urgent myocardial revascularization were performed in 9 cases. In the risk factors of coronary atherosclerosis, 25 patients(40%) were hypercholesterolemia, 38 patients(60%) have smoking history and 19 patients(30%) have hypertension history. In the patterns of disease, 9 patients were single vessel disease, 18 patients were two vessele disease and 33 patients were three vessel disease. We performed total 284 distal anastomosis(mean 3.5 anastomosis per patient) and performed one case of ascending aorta graft interposition, two cases of mitral valve replacement, one case of aortic valve replacement, one case of ventricular septal defect repair and one case of atrial septal defect repair and the mean aortic cross clamp time was 115.3 minutes. The common complications were arrhythmia(7cases), wound infection(5cases), perioperative myocardial infarction(4cases), reoperation for bleeding control(4cases) and stroke(4cases). There were six hospital deaths due to low cardiac output syndrome, ventricular arrhythmia and respiratory failure. In the evaluation of operative risk factors, preoperative intravenous nitroglycerin requirement and prolonged aortic cross clamp tirne(>2hours) were found to be predective factor of morbidity and old age(>65years) was found to be predective factor of mortality.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.333-352
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• 2017

A comparison study is made between the dynamic properties of an argillaceous siltstone and its grouting-reinforced body. The purpose is to investigate how grout injection can help repair broken soft rocks. A slightly weathered argillaceous siltstone is selected, and part of the siltstone is mechanically crushed and cemented with Portland cement to simulate the grouting-reinforced body. Core specimens with the size of $50mm{\times}38mm$ are prepared from the original rock and the grouting-reinforced body. Impact tests on these samples are then carried out using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus. Failure patterns are analyzed and geotechnical parameters of the specimens are estimated. Based on the experimental results, for the grouting-reinforced body, its shock resistance is poorer than that of the original rock, and most cracks happen in the cementation boundaries between the cement mortar and the original rock particles. It was observed that the grouting-reinforced body ends up with more fragmented residues, most of them have larger fractal dimensions, and its dynamic strength is generally lower. The mass ratio of broken rocks to cement has a significant effect on its dynamic properties and there is an optimal ratio that the maximum dynamic peak strength can be achieved. The dynamic strain-softening behavior of the grouting-reinforced body is more significant compared with that of the original rock. Both the time dependent damage model and the modified overstress damage model are equally applicable to the original rock, but the former performs much better compared with the latter for the grouting-reinforced body. In addition, it was also shown that water content and impact velocity both have significant effect on dynamic properties of the original rock and its grouting-reinforced body. Higher water content leads to more small broken rock pieces, larger fractal dimensions, lower dynamic peak strength and smaller elastic modulus. However, the water content plays a minor role in fractal dimensions when the impact velocity is beyond a certain value. Higher impact loading rate leads to higher degree of fragmentation and larger fractal dimensions both in argillaceous siltstone and its grouting-reinforced body. These results provide a sound basis for the quantitative evaluation on how cement grouting can contribute to the repair of broken soft rocks.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.50-59
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• 2018

Objectives : The aim of this review is to investigate studies on skin adverse reactions and to demonstrate subjects related to the adverse effects in dermatology. Methods : Electric searches were performed with KISS(Korean studies Information Search System) and the key words were combination of 'skin' and 'adverse effect'. 87 literatures investigated in this review were issued from 1900 to 2016. Results : Among the 87 papers, dermatologic adverse reactions were reported in 83 papers in medicine, accounting for 95.4%. Of the adverse effects seen on the skin, 84 discoloration such as erythema, pigmentation and hemotelangiosis were the most common, accounting for 21%. Among the medical adverse reactions not seen on the skin, 21 infection were the most common, accounting for 25%. Among the subjective adverse reactions, of which 32 pruritus were the most common, accounting for 43%. Among the 87 papers, there were 3 cases with underlying diabetes and 3 cases with underlying hypertension, followed by 2 cases with chronic renal failure, HBV, atopic dermatitis and respectively 1 case with alcoholism, depression addiction, multiple myeloma, arthritis and psoriasis. The most frequent period until adverse reactions appeared was within 2 weeks, accounting for 13 papers. And 4 were the most frequent adverse reactions lasting less than 1 month, and 4 were more than 3 months and less than 6 months. There were 48 cases where adverse reactions were caused by nonmedical practioner's treatment. The adverse reactions by the pharmacist were the highest at 11 cases (23%). There were 17 cases of adverse reactions due to medical treatment, among which dermatologists and nondermatologists accounted for the majority of 5 cases, 29%. The most common cause of adverse reactions was the application of external medicine (41 cases), followed by 36 cases of foreign body implantation, eyebrow tattooing, ear piercing, etc. Conclusions : In this report, we demonstrated patterns of adverse reactions in the medical field of dermatology caused by non-medical personnel than medical personnel. We suggest that more effort should be followed by medical personnel to establish clear awareness of skin disease and by patients to be aware of the risks of the illegal medical treatment by non-medical personnel.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.158-164
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• 2012

Purpose: To evaluated the patterns of failure, survival rate, treatment-related toxicity and prognostic factors in postoperative radiotherapy of patients with ependymoma. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients who underwent surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for ependymoma between the period of June 1994 and June 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. The age of patients ranged from 21 months to 66 years (median, 19 years). Seventeen patients had grade II ependymoma, and 13 had grade III anaplastic ependymoma according to the World Health Organization grading system. The postoperative irradiation was performed with 4 or 6 MV photon beam with median dose of 52.8 Gy (range, 45 to 63 Gy), and radiation field including 2 cm beyond the preoperative tumor volume. Median follow-up period was 51 months (range, 12 to 172 months). Results: Fourteen out of 30 (46.7%) patients experienced recurrence, and 12 of those died. Among those 14 patients who experienced recurrence, 11 were in-field and 3 were out-of-field recurrence. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 66.7% and 56.1%, respectively. On univariate analysis, tumor grade was a statistically significant prognostic factor for OS and PFS. There were two complications after surgery and postoperative radiotherapy, including short stature and facial palsy on the left side. Conclusion: We observed good survival rates, and histologic grade was a prognostic factor affecting the OS and PFS. Almost all recurrence occurred in primary tumor site, thus we suggest further evaluation on intensity-modulated radiotherapy or stereotatic radiosurgery for high-risk patients such as who have anaplastic ependymoma.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.185-190
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• 2013

Purpose: We evaluated the effect of early chemoradiotherapy on the treatment of patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC). Materials and Methods: Between January 2006 and December 2011, thirty-one patients with histologically proven LS-SCLC who were treated with two cycles of chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy and consolidation chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. The chemotherapy regimen was composed of etoposide and cisplatin. Thoracic radiotherapy consisted of 50 to 60 Gy (median, 54 Gy) given in 5 to 6.5 weeks. Results: The follow-up period ranged from 5 to 53 months (median, 22 months). After chemoradiotherapy, 35.5% of the patients (11 patients) showed complete response, 61.3% (19 patients) showed partial response, 3.2% (one patient) showed progressive disease, resulting in an overall response rate of 96.8% (30 patients). The 1-, 2-, and 3-year overall survival (OS) rates were 66.5%, 41.0%, and 28.1%, respectively, with a median OS of 21.3 months. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year progression free survival (PFS) rates were 49.8%, 22.8%, and 13.7%, respectively, with median PFS of 12 months. The patterns of failure were: locoregional recurrences in 29.0% (nine patients), distant metastasis in 9.7% (three patients), and both locoregional and distant metastasis in 9.7% (three patients). Grade 3 or 4 toxicities of leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia were observed in 32.2%, 29.0%, and 25.8%, respectively. Grade 3 radiation esophagitis and radiation pneumonitis were shown in 12.9% and 6.4%, respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that early chemoradiotherapy for LS-SCLC provides feasible and acceptable local control and safety.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.62-70
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• 2015

Purpose: Cardiac complications may occur in cases of organophosphate (OP) poisoning. However, a few studies regarding patterns of cardiac toxicity as determined by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) after exposure to OP have been reported. In the current study, the authors examined cardiac functions using TTE in patients with myocardial injury caused by exposure to OP. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on 16 consecutive cases of OP poisoning with myocardial injury (defined as elevated troponin I within 48 hours of arrival at the regional emergency center in South Korea and diagnosed and treated at the center from January 2012 to November 2014. Results: TTE was performed in 11 (69%) of the 16 patients with an elevated troponin I (TnI) level within 48 hours. Of these 11 patients, 5 patients (45.5%) exhibited reduced ejection fraction (EF), and 3 exhibited regional wall motion abnormality (RWMA). Two patients (18.2%) had both reduced systolic function and RWMA. Two of the 5 patients with reduced EF returned to normal systolic function, however two patients did not regain normal systolic function after admission. One patient expired due to multiple organ failure, and 4 patients were transferred with a moribund status. Twelve of 15 patients who survived to discharge (at 4 to 35 months) were followed. Five of these patients died during follow-up and 7 survived without further complications. Conclusion: OP can cause reversible cardiac dysfunction including reduced systolic function and RWMA. Serum TnI may be useful for initial assessment of cardiac function during the workup of patients suffering from OP poisoning. After the initial assessment of cardiac enzyme, further evaluation with TTE in patients with abnormal cardiac enzyme will be necessary to understand the cardiac toxicity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.412-418
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• 2020

Generally, the propeller shaft that constitutes the ship shaft system has different patterns of behavior due to the ef ects of engine power, propeller load and eccentric thrust, which increases the risk of bearing failure by causing local load variations. To prevent this, different studies of the propulsion shaft system have been conducted focused the relative inclination angle and oil film retention between the shaft and the support bearing, mainly with respect to the Rules for the Classification of Steel Ships. However, in order to secure the stability of the propulsion shaft via a more detailed evaluation, it is necessary to consider dynamic conditions, including the transient state due to sudden change in the stern wakefield. In this context, a 50,000 DWT vessel was analyzed using the strain gauge method, and the effects of propeller shaft movement were analyzed on the starboard rudder turn which is a typical transient state during normal continuous rate(NCR) operation in ballast draught condition. Analysis results confirm that the changed propeller eccentric thrust acts as a force that temporarily pushes down the shaft to increase the local load of the stern tube bearing and negatively affects the stability of the shaft system.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.8
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• pp.703-711
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• 2018

Water distribution system (WDS) pipe bursts are caused from excessive pressure, pipe aging, and ground shift from temperature change and earthquake. Prompt detection of and response to the failure event help prevent large-scale service interruption and catastrophic sinkhole generation. To that end, this study proposes a improved Western Electric Company (WECO) method to improve the detection effectiveness and efficiency of the original WECO method. The original WECO method is an univariate Statistical Process Control (SPC) technique used for identifying any non-random patterns in system output data. The improved WECO method multiples a threshold modifier (w) to each threshold of WECO sub-rules in order to control the sensitivity of anomaly detection in a water distribution network of interest. The Austin network was used to demonstrated the proposed method in which normal random and abnormal pipe flow data were generated. The best w value was identified from a sensitivity analysis, and the impact of measurement frequency (dt = 5, 10, 15 min etc.) was also investigated. The proposed method was compared to the original WECO method with respect to detection probability, false alarm rate, and averaged detection time. Finally, this study provides a set of guidelines on the use of the WECO method for real-life WDS pipe burst detection.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.5 s.52
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• pp.605-611
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of time on shear bond strengths of a light-cured glass ionomer cement and chemically cured resin cement to enamel, and to observe the failure patterns of bracket bondings. Shear bond strength of a light-cured glass ionomer cement were compared with that of a resin cement. Metal brackets were bonded on the extracted human bicuspids. Specimens were subjected to a shear load(in an Instron machine) after storage at room temperature for 5 and 15 minutes; after storage in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 1 or 35 days. The deboned specimens were measured In respect of adhesive remnant index. The data were evaluated and tested by ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, and t-test, and those results were as follows. 1. The shear bond strength of light-cured glass ionomer cement is higher than that of resin cement at 5 and 15 minutes. 2. The shear bond strengths of both light-cured glass ionomer cement and resin cement increase with time. There was no significant difference in those of both 1 day group and 35 day group 3. Light-cured glass ionomer cement is suitable as orthodontic bracket adhesives