• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.777-787
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to identify impacts of adolescent consumers' assertiveness and appearance concerns on their buying behaviors when they buy school uniforms. This research examined information sources and purchase evaluative criteria as related variables of clothing buying behaviors. The Internet survey was carried out to middle and high school students in Seoul. A total of 907 data were analyzed by factor analysis, frequency analysis and step-wise multiple regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows: From a result of factor analysis on adolescent consumers' assertiveness, appearance concerns and information sources and purchase evaluative criteria for buying school uniforms, each four variances showed factorial structures clearly. School uniform consumers' assertiveness and appearance concerns had significant influences on information sources and purchase evaluative criteria. Especially, an impact of conformity appearance concern was inclined to be high on information sources and purchase evaluative criteria.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.11-20
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the construal level and temporal distance of a message and consumer's Social Network Service (SNS) self-efficacy on consumers' attitudes toward SNS fashion advertising. This study employed a 2 (message configuration: high construal level/low construal level) ${\times}$ 2 (temporal distance: distant future/near future) ${\times}$ 2 (SNS self-efficacy: high/low) between-subject factorial design. The survey was conducted on Facebook users in their twenties (N=216). The results are as follows: First, attitude toward SNS fashion advertising and purchase intention was higher when the message construal level was lower and when the temporal distance was closer. Second, no interactions between temporal distance and message construal level for attitude toward SNS advertising and purchase intention were found in this study. However, interactions between temporal distance and SNS self-efficacy for attitude toward SNS advertising and purchase intention were found. When the SNS self-efficacy was high, message with the low construal level reacted significantly positive in terms of attitude toward the ad as well as purchase intention. It is expected that this study will provide insight for apparel makers or retailers to use SNS as a new advertising media for fashion marketing. Practical implications and limitations are discussed.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2007

The effects of water flow rate and phytoplankton concentration on the growth of the sandy shore clam Gafrarium tumidum was investigated in a laboratory flume study using a $3{\times}3$ factorial design. After 60 days, shell length, shell weight and tissue dry weight increased significantly with phytoplankton concentration. For the effect of flow rate, growth was faster when flow rate increased from low to medium level; further increases in flow rate, however, either did not sustain faster growth or resulted in a reduction in growth. The condition index (CI) of a standard-sized clam was significantly higher at low flow rate than at medium and high flow rates and was negatively correlated with phytoplankton concentration. The uncoupled growth of shell and tissue in response to flow rate and phytoplankton concentration may be adaptations to low food environments, so that energy can either be stored to sustain life or reserved for gametogenesis during the reproductive period.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

Two elements of paisley textile design (color and size of motif) were manipulated to investigate their effects on people's perception. Korean and Caucasian American women were selected to represent Asian and Western countries to compare the differences in image perceptions of paisley patterns between two cultures. The participants were 168 female university students composed of 84 Caucasian Americans and 84 Koreans. The experimental design was a $2{\times}2{\times}7$ factorial design: two levels of perceiver's culture, two levels of motif size, and seven levels of the motif color. The four factors used to account for image perception were an elegance factor, individuality factor, maturity factor, and femininity factor. The results of the present study confirm that image perception can be different according to the color and size of a motif and the perceiver's culture. In the results, Americans perceived the paisley pattern as more preferable than Koreans did. Red background + Orange motif was perceived as the most feminine and Dark blue background + Sky blue motif and Dark gray background + Gray motif was perceived as the most masculine in both cultures. Compared to the big motif, the small motif was perceived as more elegant in both cultures.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.243-249
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• 2022

Background: Mixed breeding herb Viola collina Besser, which produces both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flower, has limited habitats under closed canopy and short and early flowering timing, making it relatively more vulnerable to climate change. To better understand the effect of light and nutrient on the flower formation and vegetative growth of V. collina, a mesocosm experiment was conducted. Two-by-two factorial treatments of two light conditions (100% and 60% of natural light) and two fertilizer treatment conditions (fertilized and not fertilized) were applied in the mesocosm experiment. Results: The number of flowers, including chamogamous and cleistogamous flowers, was highest (5.65/pot) under 60% light and fertilized condition and lowest (1.41/pot) under 100% light and not-fertilized condition. However, above ground vegetative growth was highest (2.89 g/pot) under 100% light and fertilized condition and lowest (2.38 g/pot) under 60% light and not-fertilized condition. Above ground biomass to belowground biomass ratio was highest (1.50) under 60% light and fertilized condition and lowest (1.26) under 100% light and fertilized condition. Conclusions: This study showed that high light and nutrient are responsible for the vegetative growth, though the effect of fertilizer was reduced due to allocation and retainment of nutrients. In addition, the low light is necessary to make flowers, especially chasmogamous flowers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1400-1410
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• 2004

Eight crossbred (75% Holstein Friesian) cows in mid-lactation were randomly assigned to a switchback design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement to evaluate two nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) sources (corn meal and cassava chips) with different rumen degradability and used at two levels of NSC (55 vs. 75%) with protein source (supplied by urea in the concentrate mix). The treatments were 1) Low degradable low level of corn (55%) 2) Low degradable high level of corn (75%) 3) High degradable low level of cassava (55%) and 4) High degradable high level of cassava (75%). The cows were offered the treatment concentrate at a ratio to milk yield at 1:2. Urea-treated rice straw was offered ad libitum as the roughage and supplement with 1 kg/hd/d cassava hay. The results revealed that total DM intake, BW and digestion coefficients of DM were not affected by either level or source of energy. Rumen fermentation parameters; NH3-N, blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were unaffected by source of energy, but were dramatically increased by level of NSC. Rumen microorganism populations were not affected (p>0.05) by source of energy, but fungal zoospores were greater for cassava-based concentrate than corn-based concentrate. Milk production and milk composition were not affected significantly by diets containing either source or level of NSC, however concentrate than corn-based concentrate averaging (4.4 and 4.2, respectively). Likewise, income over feed, as estimated from 3.5% FCM, was higher on cassava-based concentrate than corn-based concentrate averaging (54.0 and 51.4 US$/mo, respectively). These results indicate that feeding diets containing either cassava-based diets and/or a higher of oncentrates up to 75% of DM with NPN (supplied by urea up to 4.5% of DM) can be used in dairy rations without altering rumen ecology or animal performance compared with corn-based concentrate.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.789-799
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• 2019

This study classified and analyzed the upper body types of 7-13 years old elementary school boys, using 3D data from the 6th Size Korea. The results of this study are as follows. Seven factors were extracted from the factorial analysis as an independent factor for a cluster analysis. The cluster analysis generated four body types. Type 1 has large ratio of front and back depth as well as circumference, with a front protrusion. In Type 2, the vertical value of upper torso is longer than average; in addition, its flatness is the largest and produces a thin body type. Type 3 has a smaller flatness in the bust, waist, abdomen and hip than other types, while also having the largest BMI. Type 4 is characterized by a greater shoulder angle than other types and its other factors are close to average. As a result of the logistic regression analysis, the prediction model used eight variables to generate and its accuracy is 88.679%. The classification of upper body types from this study can be used as basic data to improve patternmaking for each body type. The generated prediction model is also expected to be used as a method to help classify upper body types using the eight variables.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.313-322
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• 2012

A 2-year study (2010-2011) was carried out in order to evaluate the effects of bean and maize intercropping. The experiment tested five different cropping systems: sole cropping of each crop, as well as intercropping of maize/bean with the ratios of 1:3 ($M_1B_3$), 2:2 ($M_2B_2$) and 3:1 ($M_3B_1$), each of which took place in the presence of two weed management systems (no weed control and weed eradication through manual removal), in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design using three replicates. Tests of homogeneity of variance for combined data over two years showed that data of both years could be analyzed together. The results showed that the effect of intercropping treatments on all measured traits in maize and bean were significantly different. A minimum land equivalent ratio (LER) for maize (0.78) was obtained for $M_3B_1$ under conditions of no weed control, while the highest LER (1.03) was observed in $M_3B_1$ under weed-free conditions. The highest (0.99) and lowest (0.70) LER values for beans were recorded for $M_1B_3$ under weed-free conditions and $M_3B_1$ under conditions of no weed control, respectively. $M_1B_3$ under weed-free conditions showed the highest total LER (2.02), while $M_3B_1$ under conditions of no weed control showed the lowest (1.48). Results of this study indicated that intercropping bean and maize can be an effective method to increase total productivity, and that the $M_1B_3$ system was the best cropping system for high productivity.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.269-277
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• 2012

In order to investigate the effects of different maize-bean intercropping patterns, and of nitrogen fertilizers on morphological and yield related traits, a factorial study based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was performed during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons in a research filed of Shiraz University, Iran. The first factor of the study was seven different ratios of Maize-Bean intercropping system (Maize sole cropping, Bean sole cropping, and intercropping of maize/bean at the ratios of 1/3, 1/1, 2/3, 3/2 and 3/1) and the second factor was three nitrogen (N) fertilizer application levels (0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha). Results showed that with respect to increasing the levels of N fertilizer, the yield of bean sole cropping decreased but the yield of maize sole cropping increased. On the other hand, in intercropping systems with N fertilizer application, the yield of both crops increased. Results of total land equivalent ratio (LER) for both crops showed that the highest LER value under both 100 and 200 kg N/ha application was that of M1B1 (1 seed of maize after 1 seed of bean, consecutively, on a row with same distance). Under no N fertilizer application the highest LER value was that of M2B3 (2 seeds of maize after 3 seeds of bean, consecutively, on a row with same distance). Overall, it can be concluded that M1B1 is the best intercropping pattern in maize-bean intercropping systems and that the application of N fertilizer can be effective within practical settings of intercropping agriculture, resulting in higher yields.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.539-555
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• 2020

This study explored the conceptual constructs of shopping values and experiential marketing components of home furnishing brands as well as their impacts on the behavioral intention toward home furnishing goods. The mediating roles of experiential marketing were investigated in this research. A survey was performed on female shoppers between the ages of 20 and 50 who have visited and shopped at home furnishing brand stores. The results of this research were as follows. 1) The results to analyze the sub-dimension of shopping values (Social, Differential, Utilitarian, Aesthetic, Entertaining, and Sustainable) and experiential marketing components (Sense, Emotion, Coordination information, and Customer services) showed factorial structures. 2) Aesthetic, Differential, and Utilitarian shopping values showed significantly positive influences on behavioral intentions of home furnishing brand products; in addition, Sense, Emotion, and Coordination information components of experiential marketing had a positive effect on behavioral intentions of home furnishing brand products. 3) The Emotion and Sense components of experiential marketing had important medicating roles in the relationship between shopping values and behavioral intentions of home furnishing brand products. This study highlighted that shopping values and experiential marketing components should be promoted among consumers to increase behavioral intentions of home furnishing brand products.