• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.484-492
• /
• 2002

The selection of the maxillary anterior artificial teeth is made primarily for esthetics and they must be in harmony with the surrounding oral environment. However the selection of artificial teeth is based on the large degree of subjective judgement or the dentists, therefore, this is one of the most unscientific processes. This study was performed to determine clinically whether there is correlation among the width of the maxillary central incisor(WMCI), the intercanine distance (ICD) the facial width(FW), and the interalar nasal width(IAW) in Korean adults, and to provide the selection standards for the maxillary anterior artificial teeth. The casts were obtained from 91 undergraduate dental students(49 males and 42 females) with Angle's class I occlusion presenting well-arranged intact anterior teeth. The WMCI and ICD were measured on the casts with a vernier calipers($Miltex^{(R)}$, Germany). The photographic procedures under standardized conditions were performed to record each subject's frontal face using digital camera($Olympus^{(R)}$, C-2500L, Japan). The FW and IAW were measured with image analyzer($Image-Pro^{(R)}$ PLUS. media cybermetrics. USA). The results were obtained as follows : 1. The mean WMCI was $8.11{\pm}0.67mm$, ICD was $37.88{\pm}2.15mm$, FW was $141.29{\pm}5.84mm$. and IAW was $37.85{\pm}2.29 mm$. 2. The ratios of FW/WMCI, FW/ICD, IAW/ICD were 17.4, 3.7, 1.0 respectively. 3. All measurements(WMCI, ICD, FW, and IAW) of male group were longer than those of female group significantly in Student's t-test(p<0.01). 4. There was significant correlation between WMCI, ICD, FW, and IAW in Pearson's correlation analysis(p<0.01). 5, The relationship between IAW and ICD shows the strongest correlation among six combinations in linear regression analysis($R^2$=0.753, Y=7.046+0.815X). The FW and IAW could be very reliable guides for the selection of the maxillary anterior artificial teeth.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.123-131
• /
• 2008

In Oriental medicine, the status of a tongue is the important indicator to diagnose the condition of one's health like the physiological and the clinicopathological changes of internal organs in a body. A tongue diagnosis is not only convenient but also non-invasive, and therefore widely used in Oriental medicine. However, the tongue diagnosis is affected by examination circumstances like a light source, patient's posture, and doctor's condition a lot. To develop an automatic tongue diagnosis system for an objective and standardized diagnosis, segmenting a tongue region from a facial image captured and classifying tongue coating are inevitable but difficult since the colors of a tongue, lips, and skin in a mouth are similar. The proposed method includes preprocessing, over-segmenting, detecting the edge with a local minimum over a shading area from the structure of a tongue, correcting local minima or detecting the edge with the greatest color difference, selecting one edge to correspond to a tongue shape, and smoothing edges, where preprocessing consists of down-sampling to reduce computation time, histogram equalization, and edge enhancement, which produces the region of a segmented tongue. Finally, the systematic procedure separated only a tongue region from a face image with a tongue, which was obtained from a digital tongue diagnosis system. Oriental medical doctors' evaluation for the results illustrated that the segmented region excluding a non-tongue region provides important information for the accurate diagnosis. The proposed method can be used for an objective and standardized diagnosis and for an u-Healthcare system.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
• /
• v.15 no.5
• /
• pp.595-605
• /
• 2012

Various methods for measuring strabismus have been developed and used in clinical diagnosis. However, most of them are based on the visual inspection by clinicians. For this reason, there is a high possibility of subjective evaluation in clinical decisions and they are only useful for cooperative patients. Therefore, the development of a more objective and reproducible method for measuring strabismus is needed. In this paper, we introduce a new software to complement the limitations of previous diagnostic methods. Firstly, we simply obtained facial images of patients and performed several preprocessing steps based on the spherical RGB color model with them. Then, the measurement of strabismus was performed automatically by using our 3D eye model and mathematical algorithm. To evaluate the validity of our software, we performed statistical correlation analysis of the results of the proposed method and the Krimsky test by two clinicians for ten patients. The coefficients of correlation for two clinicians were very high, 0.955 and 0.969, respectively. The coefficient of correlation between two clinicians also showed 0.968. We found a statistically significant correlation between two methods from our results. The newly developed software showed a possibility that it can be used as an alternative or effective assistant tool of previous diagnostic methods for strabismus.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.35-46
• /
• 2019

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has been evolving to recognize and learn the languages, voice tones, and facial expressions of users so that they can respond to users' emotions in various contexts. Many AI-based services of particular importance in communications with users provide emotional interaction. However, research on nonverbal interaction as a means of expressing emotion in the AI system is still insufficient. We studied the effect of lighting on users' emotional interaction with an AI device, focusing on color and flickering motion. The AI device used in this study expresses emotions with six colors of light (red, yellow, green, blue, purple, and white) and with a three-level flickering effect (high, middle, and low velocity). We studied the responses of 50 men and women in their 20s and 30s to the emotions expressed by the light colors and flickering effects of the AI device. We found that each light color represented an emotion that was largely similar to the user's emotional image shown in a previous color-sensibility study. The rate of flickering of the lights produced changes in emotional arousal and balance. The change in arousal patterns produced similar intensities of all colors. On the other hand, changes in balance patterns were somewhat related to the emotional image in the previous color-sensibility study, but the colors were different. As AI systems and devices are becoming more diverse, our findings are expected to contribute to designing the users emotional with AI devices through lighting.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.38
• /
• pp.115-132
• /
• 2015

An animation is a tool to represent the consciousness of an author. It is a medium that converts his/her consciousness to time by the means of spaces. Image is the most inherent element among the elements of an animation. Character is the element that has the very core function among the elements of an image because a character is a shape that can deliver a story through various actions and facial expressions. In this context, is a representative satire animation that describes a ranked and unequal human society and selfishness and absurdity of human beings existed in the human society, based on the original work of George Orwell. Therefore, this study aims to study what the work tries to satirize through the meanings and symbols that the characters, animals, and spaces in the work. As a result of the study, it was found that the characters appeared in the work are metaphoric symbols that imply the meanings of each character, not just simple characters or spaces. In the work, the farm is a symbolic space that symbolizes a human world. John, a human being, is described as a dictator in an absolute Russian monarchy who suppresses people. Old Major, a pig, is described as an old pioneer that preaches the appropriation of a revolution while Snow Ball, a pig that follows the Major is described as a naive leader that dreams to establish a real socialist state where everybody lives equal, through successful revolution. Another pig, Napoleon is described as the more greedy dictator than human being. He killed Snow Ball for his private ambition and suppresses and exploits the same race, animals. That is, setting man and various animals in the relation of dominant class and subordinated class, the author generates conflicts among characters. Although the characters pursue an ideal society through revolution, it requires another revolution in the process, which expresses repetitive contradiction of human history in a symbolic and strong way.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.116-128
• /
• 2011

In this paper, we propose the structure of a high-performance face-detection engine that responds well to facial rotating changes using rotation transformation which minimize the required memory usage compared to the previous face-detection engine. The validity of the proposed structure has been verified through the implementation of FPGA. For high performance face detection, the MCT (Modified Census Transform) method, which is robust against lighting change, was used. The Adaboost learning algorithm was used for creating optimized learning data. And the rotation transformation method was added to maintain effectiveness against face rotating changes. The proposed hardware structure was composed of Color Space Converter, Noise Filter, Memory Controller Interface, Image Rotator, Image Scaler, MCT(Modified Census Transform), Candidate Detector / Confidence Mapper, Position Resizer, Data Grouper, Overlay Processor / Color Overlay Processor. The face detection engine was tested using a Virtex5 LX330 FPGA board, a QVGA grade CMOS camera, and an LCD Display. It was verified that the engine demonstrated excellent performance in diverse real life environments and in a face detection standard database. As a result, a high performance real time face detection engine that can conduct real time processing at speeds of at least 60 frames per second, which is effective against lighting changes and face rotating changes and can detect 32 faces in diverse sizes simultaneously, was developed.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.10-15
• /
• 2012

In a color image, people and especially facial patterns are important and interesting visual objects. Thus, effective skin color reproduction is essential, as skin color is a key memory color in color application systems. Previous studies suggested skin color reproduction by mapping only to the center value of preferred skin region. However, it is not suitable to determine one preference color because preference color from the observer's preference test is not dominant. In this paper, skin color reproduction using multiple preferred skin colors for each race is proposed. The proposed method first defines multiple preferred skin colors for each race according to their luminance level. After that, skin region is detected in an image. The race is then selected by calculating distance between average chromaticity of detected region and that of each racial skin from a database to assign preferred skin color for each race. Next, each corresponding preferred skin color is determined for each selected race. Finally, input skin color is proportionally mapped toward preferred skin color according to the difference between the input skin color and the preferred skin color for a smoothly reproduced skin color. In the experimental results, the proposed method gives better color correction on the objective and subjective evaluation than the previous methods.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.21 no.9
• /
• pp.25-31
• /
• 2020

In this study, for the safe use of a portable ultrasonic skin-beauty device, an android app was developed to show the irradiation locations of focused ultrasound to a user through augmented reality (AR) and enable stable self-surgery. The utility of the app was assessed through testing. While the user is making a facial treatment with the beauty device, the user's face and the ultrasonic irradiation location on the face are detected in real-time with a smart-phone camera. The irradiation location is then indicated on the face image and shown to the user so that excessive ultrasound is not irradiated to the same area during treatment. To this end, ML-Kit is used to detect the user's face landmarks in real-time, and they are compared with a reference face model to estimate the pose of the face, such as rotation and movement. After mounting a LED on the ultrasonic irradiation part of the device and operating the LED during irradiation, the LED light was searched to find the position of the ultrasonic irradiation on the smart-phone screen, and the irradiation position was registered and displayed on the face image based on the estimated face pose. Each task performed in the app was implemented through the thread and the timer, and all tasks were executed within 75 ms. The test results showed that the time taken to register and display 120 ultrasound irradiation positions was less than 25ms, and the display accuracy was within 20mm when the face did not rotate significantly.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.490-498
• /
• 2002

This study investigated the effects of the 'Meeting With Scientists' program on children's stereotypical images of scientist. To do those, 36 children of a fifth grade class participated in the program for one month. The program consisted of two main activities:(l) participating in scientists' lectures and exchanging e-mail with them; and (2) visiting web sites about scientist and science, and exchanging e-mail with scientists at the sites. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: First, after participating in the program, children showed the significant decrease of several stereotypical items, such as facial growth of hair(bald hair beard), symbols of research, and age of the scientist. Second, the most popular source of the images was the visual media at the pretest but the source was changed to the visiting and participating scientist's lecture, and internet at the posttest. The latter items appeared a significant difference between the pretest and the posttest, The results indicate that the program is effective to decrease of children's stereotypical physical image of scientist.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.23-36
• /
• 1999

Medimin A is a derivative of vitamin A which has been developed by coupling retinoic acid with polyethylene glycol(PEG) to enhance skin permeability and stability. We carried out the collagen synthesis and clinical test to examine the reducing effect of wrinkles by Medimin A. In vitro collagen synthesis was evaluated by quantitative assay of ($^3$H)-proline incorporation into collagenase sensitive protein in fibroblast cultures. Clinical test was evaluated by image analysis of skin replica, visual observation and self-estimated response of volunteers for 10 weeks. Medimin A stimulated about 40% in collagen synthesis. The area of main deep wrinkle on the skin replica was reduced 38.4% with topical application of O/W emulsion containing 0.2% Medimin A. The wrinkles on the eye region was also reduced 25.4%-44.1% by the visual observation and 93% of all volunteers responded that topical application of the O/W emulsion was showed some reducing effect of wrinkles after 10 weeks. From these results, we suggest that Medimin A is a potent anti-wrinkle agent by objective evaluation methods(in vitro collagen synthesis and image analysis of skin replica) and subjective evaluation methods(visual observation and self-estimated response of volunteers).