• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.311-318
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• 2017

Several types of attachments have been used for implant supported and/or retained overdentures. Locator is one of the stud type attachments and it has been generally used. However, the colored matrix is resilient and vulnerable to wear, so frequent post-insertion maintenance is needed. To solve this problem, it is necessary to introduce innovative attachment system. Overdentures using Air Gap attachment (AGA) has improved masticatory function and facial esthetics. AGA is made of metal, so it could be more resistant to wear or friction than the other resilient attachments. Nevertheless, AGA plays a role in stress breakers because it allows movement during denture movement with predetermined gap. In addition, both pre-existing implants and natural teeth were successfully used for connection of AGA. AGA could replace other unsplinted type of attachments. Overdentures using AGA could provide satisfactory result in terms of function, esthetics and retention. However, long term follow up is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2015

The critical factors affecting the esthetics of anterior implants can be summarized as following: 1) Correct positioning of implant fixture, 2) Enough amount of alveolar bone, 3) Optimum volume of soft tissue. The position of implant is probably the most important factor in obtaining esthetic treatment outcome. The 3-dimensional orientation of implant is determined by the position on the alveolar ridge and its direction. Clinicians often try to mimic natural teeth when fabricating restorations. During the course of esthetic diagnosis and treatment, however, one should not forget to consider the correlation between facial pattern, lips, gingiva, alveolar ridge, as well as remaining dentition. Since anterior region is biologically unfavorable when compared with posterior region, one minor discrepancy in positioning of implant can cause esthetically undesirable treatment outcome. If one understands the biological and prosthetic meaning of implant' s 3-dimensional position, he or she can achieve superior esthetic outcome in anterior region.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2009

Purpose: As the interest and demand for esthetics grow up with medical development, the number of patients who want to correct dentofacial deformities by orthognathic surgery has increased. And the success of orthognathic surgery is dependent upon satisfaction of patients in great measure. Therefore the purpose of this study is to examine functional disability, sensory disturbance and esthetic satisfaction of the patients after orthognathic surgery. Material and methods: Among 89 patients who orthognathic surgery was performed at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital during the period from July 2003 to July 2008, 46 patients were considered in the study. Patients were surveyed with questionnaires and visual analogue scale(VAS) which author has designed. The analysis and comparison were performed according to gender, follow up span, and type of surgery based on answer of questionnaires. Results and conclusions: Total satisfaction rate was 76%. And there was statistical significant difference between subjective evaluation of facial esthetics before the surgery and that of after surgery(p<0.05). Differences in occurrence of functional disability, sensory disturbance between groups were not observed. In conclusion, the operator should understand the postoperative self-satisfaction of the patients and complications. If we can communicate with the patients before operation. patients' satisfaction rate will increase after operation.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.53-65
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• 2022

Objective: Planning of incisal position is crucial for optimal orthodontic treatment outcomes due to its consequences on facial esthetics and occlusion. A systematic summary of the proposed parameters is presented. Methods: Studies on Google Scholar^©, PubMed^©, and Cochrane Library, providing quantitative information on optimal central incisor position were included. Results: Upper incisors supero-inferior position (4-5 mm to upper lip, 67-73 mm to axial plane through pupils), antero-posterior position (3-4 mm to Nasion-A, 3-6 mm to A-Pogonion, 9-12 mm to true vertical line, 5 mm to A-projection, 9-10 mm to coronal plane through pupils), bucco-lingual angulation (4-7° to occlusal plane perpendicular on models, 20-22° to Nasion-A, 57-58° to upper occlusal plane, 16-20° to coronal plane through pupils, 108-110° to anterior-posterior nasal spine), mesio-distal angulation (5° to occlusal plane perpendicular on models). Lower incisors supero-inferior position (41-48 mm to soft-tissue mandibular plane), antero-posterior position (3-4 mm to Nasion-B, 1-3 mm to A-Pogonion, 12-15 mm to true vertical line, 6-8 mm to coronal plane through pupils), bucco-lingual angulation (1-4° to occlusal plane perpendicular on models, 87-94° to mandibular plane, 68° to Frankfurt plane, 22-25° to Nasion-B, 105° to occlusal plane, 64° to lower occlusal plane, 21° to A-Pogonion), mesio-distal angulation (2° to occlusal plane perpendicular on models). Conclusions: Although these findings can provide clinical guideline, they derive from heterogeneous studies in terms of subject characteristics and reference methods. Therefore, the optimal incisal position remains debatable.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.331-340
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to determine firstly the characteristics of esthetic lips in Korean females and secondly to measure the changes of the lips before and after anterior segmental osteotomy in bimaxillary protruded patients. Methods: Samples consisted of 30 models and 26 nonmodels, and 10 patients who had received anterior segmental osteotomy. Twelve linear measurements, 5 angular measurements, and the lip perimeter and area were measured. These results were compared for each group using unpaired and paired t-tests. Results: Full face width, nose to chin, upper vermilion height and angle, lateral heights at the point of the tips of Cupid's bow, central bow angle, and the lower lip to chin lengths were significantly greater in nonmodels than in models. However, overall lip width, lower vermilion height and angle, tip-to-tip of Cupid's bow lip perimeter, and lower vermilion area were greater in models than in nonmodels. Comparison of before and after anterior segmental osteotomy revealed that the values for the upper vermilion and lateral heights, the angle to Cupid's bow tip lengths, and upper vermilion area of post-operative patients had become similar to those of Korean female models. Our findings demonstrated that Korean female models have a fuller lower vermilion & thinner upper vermilion compared with nonmodel controls, as determined by the vermilion heights, angles, and areas. Conclusions: It will be helpful for clinicians to use these measurements as guidelines for improving patients' facial esthetics.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.208-216
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• 1996

The esthetics of chin contour is very important in facial deformities, and the quantity of soft tissue overlying the symphysis can be helpful to the correct diagnosis and surgical treatment for optimal facial harmony. The objectives of this study is to measure the different thicknesses of skeletal and soft tissues of chin on lateral cephalometric radiographs, to obtain the mean values of normal Korean adults, and to investigate the relative proportions of skeletal and soft tissues of chin. The results were as follows ; 1. In normal Korean adults, the relative proportions of the distances of soft tissue toward skeletal tissue were 1.5 in B point and 0.95 in Pg, and there were significant difference between male and female in the relative proportion of Pg (p<0.05). The relative proportion of the distances of vertical soft tissue toward horizontal soft tissue of Me was 1.91, and there were not significant difference between male and female. 2. In normal Korean adults, the distances of skeletal and soft tissues of chin showed no correlation, but the distances of vertical and horizontal soft tissues of Me showed high correlation (p<0.01). 3. In normal Korean adults, the correlations among the distances of each skeletal and soft tissues of chin were significantly high in both of male and female (p<0.01). Among the relative proportions of the distances of skeletal and soft tissues, the correlations of the proportions of B point and Mp and the proportions of Mp and Pg were significantly high (p<0.01).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.193-199
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• 1983

The purpose of orthodontic treatment is to produce functional occlusion and to create or maintain facial esthetic harmony. The soft-tissue covering of the face also plays an important role in facial esthetics, speech and other physiologic functions. The study of the soft-tissue profile is important for the planning of orthodontic treatment. The author studied cephalometric X-ray films on 49 patients (23boys, 26 girls) with Angle's class II division 1 malocclusion, ranged from 9 to 13 years of age. Roentgenocephalmetric X-ray films were taken pre and post orthodontic care. Tracings were made in usual manner. The obtained results were as follow. 1. There was no significant sexual difference on mean changes. 2. In the comparison of the soft-tissue thickness changes, Ls-Ls' and Si-Si' in male subjects were remarkable. 9. There were significant correlations between osseous (Ss') change and soft-tissue (Ss) chang, of maxilla in male and female subjects subsequent to orthodontic treatment. 4. The ratios between the protraction of the Ss' and that of the Ss were 1:1.5 in all sexes, the ratios between the Si' and that of the Si were 1:1.4 in male and 1:1.2 in female. 5. There were significant correlations between maxillary central incise. angulation change $({\angle}A)$ and upper lip inclination change $({\angle}B)$ in all sexes. 6. There were little correlations between change in distance difference of Is and Ii and change in distance difference of Ls and Li in all sexes in all sexes.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1976

The primary objective of this study was to define the differences that exist. between different sexes on the dentoskeletal framework and the soft tissue profile around the mouth. For the purpose of this study, cephalometric radiographs were obtained from the centric occlusion with closed lip position, through the research on each 42 males and females aged from 17 to 22 years with normal occlusion and acceptable facial appearence. The results were as follows: 1. Maxillary to mandibular relationships. Among the angles formed by the long axis of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, the maxillary and mandibular anterior alveolar bone, and the lower and upper lips (Fig.2), only the angle formed by the lips was more acute in males than in females. The males have a more rounded profile, and the females have a flatter profile in the lower third of the face. The differences is statistically significant for the angle formed by the lips. The fact that the lips have a difference greater than that of teeth or the alveolar bone indicates that the lip position is not entirely due to tooth and bony support. Possibly the thickness of the lips has an influence. 2. Occlusal plane. The occlusal plane was related to the anterior tooth inclination, anterior alveolar bone profile, and the lip contour, both maxillary and mandibular (Fig.3). Only the angle related to lower lip was statistically significant. The females again had the more obtuse angle, indicating a flatter profile than that of the males. 3.Skeletal planes. The angles formed by the anterior maxillary lips, teeth, and alveolar bone with the Frankfort plane and the angles of the mandibular lips, teeth, and, alveolar bone and the mandibular plane were investigated (Fig.4). Results were similar to those from maxillary to mandibular relationships. The results were statistically significant for the upper lip and the lower lip, only. 4. Esthetics. The facial line and the mandibular plane were compared with the esthetic line. These angles were different for the different sexes, but only the latter was statistically significant. This difference may be due to the profile contour of the nose.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.402-410
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• 2016

Background In an increasing number of lawsuits doctors lose, despite providing preoperative patient education, because of failure to prove informed consent. We analyzed judicial precedents associated with insufficient informed consent to identify judicial factors and trends related to aesthetic surgery medical litigation. Methods We collected data from civil trials between 1995 and 2015 that were related to aesthetic surgery and resulted in findings of insufficient informed consent. Based on these data, we analyzed the lawsuits, including the distribution of surgeries, dissatisfactions, litigation expenses, and relationship to informed consent. Results Cases were found involving the following types of surgery: facial rejuvenation (38 cases), facial contouring surgery (27 cases), mammoplasty (16 cases), blepharoplasty (29 cases), rhinoplasty (21 cases), body-contouring surgery (15 cases), and breast reconstruction (2 cases). Common reasons for postoperative dissatisfaction were deformities (22%), scars (17%), asymmetry (14%), and infections (6%). Most of the malpractice lawsuits occurred in Seoul (population 10 million people; 54% of total plastic surgeons) and in primary-level local clinics (113 cases, 82.5%). In cases in which only invalid informed consent was recognized, the average amount of consolation money was KRW 9,107,143 (USD 8438). In cases in which both violation of non-malfeasance and invalid informed consent were recognized, the average amount of consolation money was KRW 12,741,857 (USD 11,806), corresponding to 38.6% of the amount of the judgment. Conclusions Surgeons should pay special attention to obtaining informed consent, because it is a double-edged sword; it has clinical purposes for doctors and patients but may also be a litigation strategy for lawyers.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.1 s.54
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• pp.113-124
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• 1996

The purpose of this report is to present the successful improvement of occlusal relationship and facial estherics in Class II div.1 malocclusion by orthodontic treatment with upper first premolars and lower second premolars extracted. Before treatment, the patients showed Class II div. 1 relation with severe overjet. deep overbite, large ANB angle, retrusive mandible and a convex soft tissue profile. After treatment, normal canine and molar relationships were obtained. Facial esthetics were improved. There were no mesial tipping of lower first molars and root resorptions. With the adequate diagnosis and treatment plan and biomechanics, the application of upper first and lower second premolar extraction may be one of good strategies in some Class II cases treatment.