• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.409-416
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• 2005

Purpose of study: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) occupies a key functional role in mastication and contributes to normal deglutition, speech as well as cosmesis. When a large amount of mandible including the condyle head is resected, it is very difficult to reconstruct it as a functional unit. In this retrospective study, we present the functional, radiographic and cosmetic results of reconstructed temporomandibular joint using free fibular flap. Patients and Methods: Total 12 patients (M:F = 6:6) who underwent condylar reconstruction with the fibular flap were interviewed and examined by radiographs and Bio-PAK$^{(R)}$. Mean follow up periods was $47.7{\pm}20.0$ months and the average age was $38.7{\pm}15.3$ years. Remodeling of condyle and function of TMJ were evaluated and facial contour was judged subjectively. Results: All flaps were viable and no immediate postoperative complication had happened. One patient showed decreased mouth opening, so interpositional gap arthroplasty was performed. The resorption rates of reconstructed fibular were minimal and the condyle heads were changed into domeshaped neocondyle after 2 years. All patients had normal diet and no speech difficulty was reported. Nine patients were satisfied with their facial contour but three patients complained about the depression of cheek. Conclusion: The reconstruction of TMJ with free fibular flap was reliable methods and very effective means of restoring mandibular function. The functional and morphologic results were excellent and showed little complications.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.257-266
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Licorice has been shown to possess cancer chemopreventive effects. However, glycyrrhizin, a major component in licorice, was found to interfere with steroid metabolism and cause edema and hypertension. The roasting process of licorice modifies the chemical composition and converts glycyrrhizin to glycyrrhetinic acid. The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-carcinogenic effects of the ethanol extract of roasted licorice (EERL) and to identify the active compound in EERL. MATERIALS/METHODS: Ethanol and aqueous extracts of roasted and un-roasted licorice were prepared. The active fraction was separated from the methylene chloride (MC)-soluble fraction of EERL and the structure of the purified compound was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The anti-carcinogenic effects of licorice extracts and licochalcone A was evaluated using a MTT assay, Western blot, flow cytometry, and two-stage skin carcinogenesis model. RESULTS: EERL was determined to be more potent and efficacious than the ethanol extract of un-roasted licorice in inhibiting the growth of DU145 and MLL prostate cancer cells, as well as HT-29 colon cancer cells. The aqueous extracts of un-roasted and roasted licorice showed minimal effects on cell growth. EERL potently inhibited growth of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast, B16-F10 melanoma, and A375 and A2058 skin cancer cells, whereas EERL slightly stimulated the growth of normal IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells and CCD118SK fibroblasts. The MC-soluble fraction was more efficacious than EERL in inhibiting DU145 cell growth. Licochalcone A was isolated from the MC fraction and identified as the active compound of EERL. Both EERL and licochalcone A induced apoptosis of DU145 cells. EERL potently inhibited chemically-induced skin papilloma formation in mice. CONCLUSIONS: Non-polar compounds in EERL exert potent anti-carcinogenic effects, and that roasted rather than un-roasted licorice should be favored as a cancer preventive agent, whether being used as an additive to food or medicine preparations.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

The present study was performed to describe the influence of water temperature and salinity on the filtration rates of the short-necked clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. The clams were collected at tidal flat near Yeosu city, Cheollanamdo, Korea, from July 2001 to August 2001. Diatoms, Phaeodactylum tricornutum (KMCC B-128), were indoor-cultured by f/2 medium, and were used to measure the filtration rate of the clams. Filtration rates of the clams were measured by indirect method. Cell concentrations of food organisms were determined by direct counting cells using the hemacytometer under the light microscope. The filtration rate of the clams increased with temperatures up to the optimum temperature, circa 25$^{\circ}C$. Above this optimum temperature, the filtration rate decreased drastically. Also the filtration rate of the clams increased with salinity up to 35 psu. The maximal filtration rates of the clams were recorded at 20-25$^{\circ}C$, similar to be known as the optimal temperature for their growth, and 25-35 psu, respectively. The minimal filtration rates of the clams were recorded at 5$^{\circ}C$ and 15 psu. At the similar temperature and salinity, the filtration rate of the younger clams was higher than that of the older ones. Thermal coefficient, Q$_{10}$ values at low temperature range were much higher than those at high temperature range. These results indicate the short-necked clam is more sensitive in cold water. As they grow up, they become more stronger against their ambient environmental changes, such as thermal-shock, salinity changes.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.288-289
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• 2000

SBN, BSKNN KNSBN 등의 tungsten-bronze 계열에 속하는 광굴절 결정은 짧은 파장에서 좋은 감광도와 빠른 응답시간을 갖는다. 이중에서도 KNSBN 결정은 큰 크기의 결정 성장 및 도핑이 용이하고 광굴절 결정에서 중요한 특성 중 하나인 열 안정성(thermal stability)이 좋기 때문에 빠른 응답특성이 요구되는 응용분야에서 촉망받는 매질이다. 본 논문에서는 광정보저장, 광정보처리, 광컴퓨터, 광통신과 같은 다양한 분야에서 응용가능성을 가지는 Cu가 0.04wt.%도핑된 5mm$\times$5mm$\times$5mm 크기의 KNSBN 결정을 이용한 광신호의 증폭기술에 대하여 연구하였다. 먼저 Cu-KNSNB 결정의 2광파 결합 특성을 분석하기 위하여, 기록 파장에 따른 지수이득계수의 외부입사각의존성, 최대 지수이득계수를 나타내는 외부입사각에서 입사빔의 세기비에 따른 2광파 결합 이득을 측정하였다. 또한, 632.8nm파장 영역에서 기록 및 삭제시간 상수, 회절 효율의 입사빔 세기비 의존성을 측정하였다. 그리고, 음향-광학 변조기(AOM: acousto-optic modulator)에 의해 진폭 변조된 신호빔을 이용하여 광신호 증폭특성을 분석하고 그 결과를 제시하였다. 이때 두 빔의 입사각은 최대 지수이득계수를 나타내는 입사반각 12$^{\circ}$로 고정하고, 감쇄기를 이용하여 신호빔의 세기를 조절하면서 신호빔의 차동이득을 측정하였다. 투과된 신호빔은 같은 주파수에서 차동 이득(diffrerential gain)을 보였으며, 이는 moving grating과 시간-변조된 신호빔(또는 펌프빔)사이의 새로운 상호작용은 광굴절 결정의 시간 적분 특성에 의한 것이다. (중략) 경우는 상온에서 펌프 펄스의 유지시간이 0.5% 인 경우 레이저가 동작하는 것을 보여주었다. 이는 구조내에서 열전도가 문제가 된다는 것을 의미하는데 위아래가 공기로 둘러 싸여 있어 발생한 열이 가는 유전체 네트웍을 통해서만 전달 될 수 있기 때문이다. (중략)$^4$A$_2$에 의한 nophonon line R$_1$, R$_2$(680.4, 678.5 nm) 및 $^2$T$_1$$\longrightarrow$$^4$A$_2$(655.7, 649.3, 645.2 nm)의 형광방출 스펙트럼을 얻었으며, 형광수명은 0.264 ms로 조사되었다. 제조된 레이저 발진봉은 직경 6.3 m, 길이 45 nm이었다.\pm$0.06kHz Ge $F_4$; -1.84$\pm$0.04kHz$0.04kHz/TEX>0.04kHz 모국어 및 관련 외국어의 음운규칙만 알면 어느 학습대상 외국어에라도 적용할 수 있는 보편성을 지니는 것으로 사료된다.없다. 그렇다면 겹의문사를 [-wh]의리를 지 닌 의문사의 병렬로 분석할 수 없다. 예를 들어 누구누구를 [주구-이-ν가] [누구누구-이- ν가]로부터 생성되었다고 볼 수 없다. 그러므로 [-wh] 겹의문사는 복수 의미를 지닐 수 없 다. 그러면 단수 의미는 어떻게 생성되는가\ulcorner 본 논문에서는 표면적 형태에도 불구하고 [-wh]의미의 겹의문사는 병렬적 관계의 합성어가 아니라 내부구조를 지니지 않은 단순한 단어(minimal $X^{0}$ elements)로 가정한다.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.242-243
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• 2000

Erbium 첨가 광섬유(EDF) 광원은 출력 특성과 온도에 대한 파장 특성이 우수하여 Sagnac 간섭계의 원리를 이용한 광섬유 자이로스코프(이하 줄여 자이로라 함)에 많이 사용되고 있다. 이득매질인 EDF를 광원 겸 광증폭기로 사용하는 광섬유 증폭기형 광원 (Fiber Amplifier/source : FAS) 방식$^{[l-2]}$ 은 기존의 single-pass 방식$^{[3]}$ 에 비해서 구조가 단순하고 검출광 power가 크다는 장점이 있다. 그런데, 검출광 power가 큰 경우에 자이로의 SNR이 광원의 과잉잡음(excess noise)에 의해서 제한되므로 실제로 자이로의 측정감도는 개선되지 않는 문제점이 있다.$^{[4]}$ Single-pass 방식의 광원을 사용하는 경우, 적절한 신호처리를 통해 자이로 출력신호에 포함된 광원의 과잉잡음의 적정주파수 성분을 소거함으로써 자이로 신호의 SNR을 개선시킨 바 있었다.$^{[5]}$ 그러나, 일반적으로 single-pass 방식의 경우에는 검출광 power가 작아서 자이로의 SNR이 광원의 과잉잡음에 의해서 제한되는 경우는 드물다. 반면에 증폭기형 광원 방식은 자이로로부터 되돌아오는 신호광이 다시 광원으로 입사되어 EDF를 반대 방향으로 진행하는 동안 증폭되기 때문에 충분히 큰 검출광 power를 얻을 수 있다. 따라서, 자이로 신호에 포함된 광원의 과잉잡음이 소거된다면 자이로 신호의 SNR은 크게 개선될 것으로 여겨진다. 이 논문에서는 광섬유 증폭기형 광원 방식(FAS)의 자이로에 대해 위와 같은 신호처리를 이용하여 광인의 과잉잡음의 적정주파수 성분을 소거하는 실험을 하였다. (중략)한 흡수를 확인하고, $^4$T$_2$$\longrightarrow$$^4$A$_2$(650-800 nm), $^2$E$\longrightarrow$$^4$A$_2$에 의한 nophonon line R$_1$, R$_2$(680.4, 678.5 nm) 및 $^2$T$_1$$\longrightarrow$$^4$A$_2$(655.7, 649.3, 645.2 nm)의 형광방출 스펙트럼을 얻었으며, 형광수명은 0.264 ms로 조사되었다. 제조된 레이저 발진봉은 직경 6.3 m, 길이 45 nm이었다.\pm$0.06kHz Ge $F_4$; -1.84$\pm$0.04kHz$0.04kHz/TEX>0.04kHz 모국어 및 관련 외국어의 음운규칙만 알면 어느 학습대상 외국어에라도 적용할 수 있는 보편성을 지니는 것으로 사료된다.없다. 그렇다면 겹의문사를 [-wh]의리를 지 닌 의문사의 병렬로 분석할 수 없다. 예를 들어 누구누구를 [주구-이-ν가] [누구누구-이- ν가]로부터 생성되었다고 볼 수 없다. 그러므로 [-wh] 겹의문사는 복수 의미를 지닐 수 없 다. 그러면 단수 의미는 어떻게 생성되는가\ulcorner 본 논문에서는 표면적 형태에도 불구하고 [-wh]의미의 겹의문사는 병렬적 관계의 합성어가 아니라 내부구조를 지니지 않은 단순한 단어(minimal $X

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.650-654
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• 2013

The feasibility of incorporating cinnamon as a value-added food ingredient in bakery food products was investigated using sponge cakes as a model system. Cinnamon powder was incorporated into sponge cakes at 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4% weight amounts, based on the total weight of wheat flour. Cake qualities, such as pH, moisture content, specific volume, and baking loss, decreased significantly with increasing levels of cinnamon powder added (p<0.05). In terms of color, lightness and yellowness decreased, with increasing levels of cinnamon powder. Redness significantly increased for crumb, but decreased for crust (p<0.05) with increasing levels of cinnamon powder. Hardness also significantly increased (p<0.05), while total polyphenol content significantly increased, up to a 2% addition of cinnamon powder, and gradually increased afterwards. Finally, the consumer acceptance test has indicated that higher levels of cinnamon incorporation (2% or higher, w/w) have a considerable adverse effect on consumer preferences in all attributes. In contrast, sponges cakes with a minimal level of cinnamon powder (1%, w/w) are recommended for taking advantage of the functional properties of cinnamon powder without sacrificing consumer acceptability.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.206-212
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• 1997

H$\"{u}$rthle cell neoplasm of the thyroid gland is an uncommon, but potentially malignant lesion. However, in many instances, the malignant potential of the H$\"{u}$rthle cell neoplasm is very difficult to judge histologically. For this reason, the biologic behavior of this tumor and its optimal treatment have come under considerable debate in recent years. In order to review the clinicopathologic features of the H$\"{u}$rthle cell neoplasm and to determine its optimal treatment modalities, we studied 26 patients with path logical proof of H$\"{u}$rthle cell tumor from January 1987 to September 1997. We also performed an immunohistochemical study using the monoclonal antibodies against antigen CD34 for the angiogenic activity of this tumor and evaluated the differences of microvessel density(MVD) between benign and malignant tumors. The age of the patients ranged from 1 to 71 years with a mean of 44.2 years. There were 6 males and 20 females(M : F= 1 : 3.3). The accuracies of fine needle aspiration biopsy and frozen section were very low; 6.3% and 34.8%, respectively. There were 20 benign tumors and 6 malignant tumors(23.1%). All the malignant tumors were microinvasive(intermediate) type which had minimal capsular invasion and most of them(5 cases) were diagnosed postoperatively. Any specific clinicopathologic differences were not seen between benign and intermediate groups. Most of the cases had conservative surgeries(15 ipsilateral lobectomy-isthmusectomy, 7 subtotal thyroidectomy) while total thyroidectomy was performed in 4 cases. Of the cases with malignant tumor, 2 had ipsilateral lobectomy-isthmusectomy, 3 had subtotal thyroidectomy and the remaining 1 had total thyroidectomy. Mean size of the tumors was 3.0 cm(0.1- 8.5 cm) in the greatest diameter and multiple tumors were seen in 6 cases(23.1 %). During the follow-up period, only one recurrence(3.8%) of benign tumor occurred but distant metastasis or cause-specific death was seen in the benign or intermediate groups. Mean MVDs of the benign(n=13) and intermediate(n=6) groups were $121.7{\pm}35.3$ and $114.3{\pm}31.7$, respectively and there was no statistical significance between them. In conclusion, because of the low accuracies of fine needle aspiration biopsy and frozen section for the H$\"{u}$rthle cell neoplasm, the extent of surgery could be individualized based on permanent pathologic examination; Conservative surgery would be adequate for patients with benign or intermediate H$\"{u}$rthle cell neoplasm and total or near-total thyroidectomy for those with definite malignancy.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 2000

Activated sludge samples were collected from a municipal sewage treatment plant and used for enrichment of microbial consortia with aniline as the sole carbon and nitrogen source. Threc aniline-degrading bacteria were obtained lrom microbial consortia and an isolate which has excellent aniline degradability was selected for this study. The isolate was Gram-negative, and identified and designated as Delfha sp. JK-2 on the basis of various physiological and biochemical tests. 10 mM aniline was completely degraded within 24 hours after inoculation of the culture. Ammonium ion was liberated in the medium transiently during the incubation and disappeared when aniline was completely degraded. Addition of glucose as a supplementary source to aniline minimal media showed significant decrease in aniline degradat~on rate for the strain Effective degradation of aniline was achieved by the addition of 0.5% nitrate as a nitrogen source, and resulted in approximately 80% higher aniline degradation compared to the absence of nitrate. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16s [DNA sequence revealed that the strain was closely related to De@ia acidovorans, with 96% overall similarity. The 16s [DNA sequence of JK-2 was also found to be closely related to those of six other clonal types, including Acidovoru, Aquaspirillum. Xylophilus, Variovorm, and Rhodofernr.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.176-190
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• 2005

Statement of problem. The current trend in prosthodontics is the adoption of a conservative approach to preparing dental prostheses by minimizing the amount of sound tooth structure removal during preparation. Purpose. The major disadvantage of the adhesion bridge is the inherently poor resistance to dislodgement that its use in areas subjected to high occlusal load is limited. The purpose of this study was to compare the dislodgement resistance of $Bio-pin^{(R)}$, conventional 3-unit and adhesion bridges. Material and methods. The experimental groups were classified as follows : Group I : 3-unit bridge cemented using $Super-Bond^{(R)}$ C&B Group II : Adhesion bridge cemented using $Super-Bond^{(R)}$ C&B Group III : $Bio-pin^{(R)}$ design adhesion bridge without incorporation of $Bio-pin^{(R)}$ (cemented using $Super-Bond^{(R)}$ C&B) Group IV-1 : $Bio-pin^{(R)}$ retained adhesion bridge incorporating a single $Bio-pin^{(R)}$ (cemented using $Super-Bond^{(R)}$ C&B) Group IV-2 : $Bio-pin^{(R)}$ retained adhesion bridge incorporating a single $Bio-pin^{(R)}$ (cemented using $Panavia^{(R)}$ F) Group V : $Bio-pin^{(R)}$ retained adhesion bridge incorporating two $Bio-pins^{(R)}$ (cemented using $Super-Bond^{(R)}$ C&B) Results. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Significant differences in dislodgement resistance of the restorations were found between Group I, Group II and Group III (p<0.05). No significant differences in dislodgement resistance of the restorations were observed between Group I Group IV-1 and Group V. However, there were significant differences in dislodgement resistance between Group II and the other groups (p<0.05). 2. No significant differences in dislodgement resistance of the restorations were observed between GroupIV-1 and GroupIV-2, both of which utilized a single $Bio-pin^{(R)}$. However, significant differences were observed when Group III was compared to either GroupIV-1 or Group V (p<0.05). 3. No significant differences in dislodgement resistance relative to the type of dental cements used were found. Conclusion. From the above results, it is concluded that the dislodgement resistance of $Bio-pin^{(R)}$ bridge restorations utilizing a single $Bio-pin^{(R)}$ is similar to that of a conventional 3-unit bridge. The results also suggest that $Bio-pin^{(R)}$ bridge restorations using a single $Bio-pin^{(R)}$ are a viable alternative to the conventional 3-unit bridge when minimal removal of sound tooth structure and fulfillment of both function and esthetic aspects are considered.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.93-96
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• 2003

Purpose: Synthetic absorbable monofilaments offer excellent glide characteristics and cause minimal tissue trauma as a result of their smooth monofilament structure and gradual absorption within the healing tissues. For these reasons, these suture materials are commonly used in various surgical fields such as gastroenterology, urology, gynecology, and plastic surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and usefulness of a new synthetic absorbable monofilament, Glycoside-..-caprolactone-trimethylene carbonate interpolymer (GCT), in gastrointestinal anastomosis and closure. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 55 gastrointestinal anastomoses and closures using GCT $MONOSYN^{R}$, B. Braun, Germany) in 47 patients who underwent gastric surgery between December 2001 and May 2002 at Seoul National University Hospital. Patient's characteristics, operative procedure, surgeon's opinion of handling properties of GCT, and suture-related complications were analyzed. Results: There were 34 males and 13 females (M:F= 2.6:1) with an average age of 54.2 years old. Forty-five cases of gastrointestinal anastomosis (20 gastrojejunostomies and 25 jejunojejunostomies) and 10 cases of intestinal closure (7 gastrostomy closures and 3 duodenal stump closures) were performed in 41 cases of stomach cancer, three of peptic ulcer disease, two of GIST, and one MALToma. The handling properties of GCT according to the criteria of knot breaking load, knot security, and placing property were always scored with 7 to 9 points (10=excellent, 1=very poor). Two cases of postoperative complications ($3.6\%$) were noted. One was a leak of the gastrojejunostomy site which was successfully managed conservatively, and the other was a stricture of the gastrojejunostomy site which was managed by reoperation (side-to-side jejunojejunostomy). Conclusion: GCT seems to be an applicable suture material for various gastrointestinal anastomoses and closures.