• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.449-457
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• 2016

Purpose: The study was conducted to analyze the change in quality characteristics of Ddukguk Garaedduk and Ddukgukdduk by the frequency of extruding rice dough. Methods: Ddukguk Garaedduk samples were made by extruding and shaping rice flour dough 2, 3, and 4 times; while Ddukgukdduk samples were made by drying the Ddukguk Garaedduk at room temperature for 48 hours and slicing them in slices of 0.3 cm thickness. Results: Significant differences were not found in water content by the extrusion frequency for Ddukguk Garaedduk and Ddukgukdduk. The adhesiveness and springiness of Ddukguk Garaedduk with a 4 times extrusion were significantly higher than those of Ddukguk Garaedduk with a 2 times extrusion. Ddukgukdduk with a 4 times extrusion generated finer cells and a more even distribution of cells than the other samples, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Upon boiling, significantly more water was absorbed in Ddukgukdduk of a 2 times extrusion than in that of a 4 times extrusion. Hardness and adhesiveness scores of the cooked Ddukgukdduk were the highest, and springiness was the lowest in the sample with the 4 times extrusion. Conclusion: The extrusion of rice dough makes the structure of Ddukguk Garaedduk finer and more even, which results in the increased adhesiveness of Ddukguk Garaedduk. When cooking Ddukguk, Ddukgukdduk that has been extruded more absorbs less water and dissolves less solids, which maintains the chewiness and structure of cooked Ddukgukdduk.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.319-326
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• 2022

Direct extrusions of an aluminum 7075 alloy were carried out using 1500 ton machine with and without die cooling system. Cooling of extrusion die has been performed by the flow of liquid nitrogen and controlled by laser thermometer. Billet was 180 mm in diameter and 500 mm in length. The preheating temperatures of billet, container and die were 390℃, 400℃ and 450℃, respectively. Ram speed was kept with 1.25 mm/sec first. The change of ram speed was carried out during extrusion according to the observation of surface defects such as crack or tearing. Extrudates of 8.3 m in length, 100 mm in width and 15 mm in thickness were obtained to observe and analyze surface defects by optical microscopy and EBSD (Electron BackScattered Diffraction). In case of extrusion without die cooling cracks on the surface and tearing in the corner of extrudate occurred in the middle stage and developed in size and frequency during the late stage of extrusion. At the extrusion with die cooling the occurrence of defects could be suppressed on the most part of extrudate. EBSD micrographs showed that cracks and tearings have been resulted from the same origin. Surface defects were generated at the boundaries of grains formed by secondary recrystallization due to surface overheating during extrusion.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2005

Rheological properties and crystallization kinetics of the polypropylene (PP) block copolymer and recycled PP block copolymer were studied by advanced rheometric expansion system (ARES), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and optical microscopy. In the study of the dynamic rheology, it is observed that the storage modulus and loss modulus for the PP block copolymer and recycled PP block copolymer did not change with frequency. In the study of the effect of the repeated extrusion on the crystallization rate, half crystallization time of the PP samples was increased with the number of repeated extrusion in isothermal crystallization temperature ($T_c$). From the isothermal crystallization kinetics study, the crystallization rate was decreased with the increase of the number of repeated extrusion. Also, from the result of Avrami plot, the overall crystallization rate constant (K) was decreased with the increase of the number of the repeated extrusion. From the study of the optical microscopy, the size of the spherulite of the PP samples did not change significantly with the number of repeated extrusion. However, it was clearly observed that the number of the spherulite growth sites was decreased with the number of repeated extrusion. From the results of the crystallization rate, isothermal crystallization kinetics, Avrami plots, and optical microscopy, it is suggested that the crystallization rate of the PP block copolymer is decreased with the increase of the number of repeated extrusion.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.74-78
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• 1990

In this study, to develope the ultrasonic transducer element, the extrusion method which is the processing technique of the piezoelectric composite materials is introduced, the connectivity of the piezoelectric composite materials is the 1-3 type, and we study the properties of the materials. The electromechanical coupling factor(kt) of the materials is above 0.6, the resonance property(fr) is the thickness mode in the frequency range of 0.5 to 2 [MHz] and the acoustic impedance(Zac) is about 5 to 7 [Maryl]. From these results, it is known that the piezoelectric composite materials manufactured byt he extrusion method will be able to develope the ultrasonic transducer elements.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.481-496
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• 2015

A Lead Extrusion Damper (LED) is experimentally studied under various frequencies and displacement amplitudes. Experimental results show that the force-displacement hysteresis loops of the LED are close to rectangular and the force-velocity hysteresis loops exhibit nonlinear hysteretic characteristic. Also, the LED can provide consistent energy dissipation without any stiffness degradation. Based on the experimental results, a mathematical model is then proposed to describe the effects of frequency and displacement on property of LED. It can be proved from the comparison between experimental and numerical results that the mathematical model can accurately describe the mechanical behavior of LED. Subsequently, the seismic responses of the Schwedler reticulated shell structure with LEDs are analyzed by ANSYS software, in which three different installation forms of LEDs are considered. It can be concluded that the LED can effectively reduce the displacement and acceleration responses of this type of structures.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.235-243
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• 2008

The aim of this study is to explore the possibility of incorporating supercritical carbon dioxide ($scCO_2$) into twin screw extrusion process for the production of polypropylene-clay nanocomposite (PPCN). The $CO_2$ is used as a reversible plasticizer which is expected to rapidly transport polymeric chains into the galleries of clay layers in its supercritical condition inside the extruder barrel and to expand the gallery spacings in its sub-critical state upon emerging from die. The structure and properties of the resulting PPCNs are characterized using wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), rheometry, thermogravimetry and mechanical testing. In the processing of the PPCNs with $scCO_2$, optimum $scCO_2$ concentration and screw speed which maximized the degree of intercalation of clay layers were observed. The WAXD result reveals that the PP/PP-g-MA/clay system treated with $scCO_2$ has more exfoliated structure than that without $scCO_2$ treatment, which is supported by TEM result. $scCO_2$ processing enhanced the thermal stability of PPCN hybrids. From the measurement of linear viscoelastic property, a solid-like behavior at low frequency was observed for the PPCNs with high concentration of PP-g-MA. The use of $scCO_2$ generally increased Young's modulus and tensile strength of PPCN hybrids.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.192-198
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• 1992

The electrical properties of the ultrasonic probes and the piezoelectric composite materials with 1-3 connectivity by the extrusion method have been studied. The relative permittivity and piezoelectric coefficient increase linearly as PZT volume% increases and resonance frequency moves to low frequency as the sample thickness increases. The acoustic impedance matching with body and water is better than PZT ceramics' and the reception sensitivity is fine as the thickness thins down.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.254-258
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• 2009

In this paper, the low frequency vibration forming system is developed for micro-patterns formation on the metal substrate. many researchers have studied about micro-forming technologies such as micro deep drawing, press forming, forging, extrusion etc. for the formation of precise micro-patterns on the surface of metal substrates, multi-step forming process must be used to improve qualifies of the deformed patterns. Since the low frequency vibration forming system could easily deform the surface of metal substrates, several steps of multi-step forming process should be removed by using the low frequency vibration forming system. In order to find optimal process conditions, we have carried out low frequency vibration forming process with varying the vibration frequency from 110Hz to 500Hz.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.65-72
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• 2004

The aim of this study is to investigate the optimum drawing parameter for BAS111 welded tubes. The BAS111 aluminium alloy tubes with 25.4mm in external diameter and 1.5mm in thickness for heat-exchangers were manufactured by high frequency induction welding with the V shaped convergence angle 6.8$^{\circ}$ and power input 50㎾. With increasing the reduction of area (1.6, 5.8, 11.5, 14.2, 18.5, 22.5%) by drawing, tensile strength was increased and elongation was decreased. With increasing the reduction of area by drawing, hardness in weld metal increased rapidly, while that of base metal increased slowly. In the specimen with the outer diameter smaller than 22mm, hardness of weld metal was higher than that of base metal. The optimum drawing parameter of area reduction was estimated about 15% because of the work hardening of welds.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.517-529
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the apical sealing ability of the Thermafil endodontic obturation technique and to compare it with lateral condensation technique. 42 straight canals from extracted human anterior teeth and 42 curved canals(> $25^{\circ}$) from maxillary and mandibular molar teeth were selected. And 80 of them were divided into four groups, 20 canals respectively. The teeth in prior two groups had straight canals and the other two groups had curved canals. The rest of four canals served as positive and negative controls. After resecting anatomical crowns, all canals were prepared using a standard step-back technique. Lateral condensation was used to obturate two groups, one group of straight ones the other curved. And Thermafil obturators were also used in the same two groups. Obturated teeth were infiltrated by India ink for a week, decalcified and cleared with 5% nitric acid and methyl salicylate. The apical leakage and the frequency of filled lateral and accessory canals were measured with stereomicroscope and also apical extrusion of sealer and gutta-percha and obturation time were checked and the data were analyzed statistically(one-way ANOVA, t-test, Chi-square test). The results were as follows : 1. There was no significant difference in the degree of dye penetration between Thermafil and lateral condensation groups(p>0.05). 2. Apical extrusion of sealer and gutta-percha occurred significantly more often with Thermafil obturators in straight canals(p<0.05), but not significantly different in curved canals(p>0.05). 3. Canal obturation time with Thermafil obturators was significantly faster than lateral condensation (p<0.05). 4. The Thermafil groups showed a higher frequency of filled lateral and accessory canals than in the lateral condensation groups. But the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05).