• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.720-726
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• 2006

In an attempt to develop an artificial diet for growing olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), weight gain, feed utilization and nutrient retention were investigated in fish fed moist (MP), semi-moist (SMP) and extruded pellets (EP). Excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus was also estimated based on their whole body gain and intake. EP and MP composed of raw fish and SMP made of formulated powder feed with water were prepared to have the same energy contents on a dry matter basis. A total of 240 fish with an average initial weight of 120 g were randomly distributed to each (20 fish/tank) of 12 circular plastic tanks (4 tanks/treatment) and fed experimental diets for 8 weeks. Fish groups fed EP (209 g) or SMP (209 g) recorded higher final weight than those fed MP (176 g), while dry feed consumption was highest in SMP groups (106 g), followed by MP (71 g) and EP groups (62 g). As a consequence, fish groups fed EP showed much lower feed conversion ratio than the other two groups. Protein efficiency ratio was also significantly higher in fish groups fed EP (2.55) than in those fed MP (1.44) and SMP (1.31). Fish groups fed EP, which showed the highest nitrogen retention of 43.9%, resulted in the lowest excretion of nitrogen of 35.5 g per kg gain. Also, the lowest phosphorus excretion of 6.0 g per kg gain was found in the EP groups with the highest P retention (37.0%) among treatments. Although the EP groups had the lowest dietary energy intake, they retained the highest energy in the whole body among treatments. The present results showed that EP could be more advantageous than MP or SMP in terms of growth, feed utilization and excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus for olive flounder.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.395-398
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental medicinal herb mixture, laver powder and paprika powder in extruded pellet (EP) on growth and feed utilization of juvenile olive flounder. Triplicate groups of fish (average body weight of 19.6 g) were fed four experimental EPs containing 0.2% medicinal herb mixture (MHM), 1% laver powder (LP), 1% paprika powder (PP) and without supplementation (CON) for 9 weeks. Weight gain, daily feed intake, hepatosomatic index and condition factor were not influenced by dietary additives. Peed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of flounder fed the diet containing laver powder were significantly higher than those of fish fed the medicinal herb mixture and paprika powder (P<0.05), but not significantly different from control group. The results of this study suggest that all tested additives in the dietary formulation did not affect growth and feed utilization of olive flounder.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.149-158
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• 2019

This study investigated the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with a mixture of four protein sources (wheat gluten, soy protein concentrate, tankage meal, and poultry byproduct meal) in an extruded pellet (EP) diet for olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Five experimental diets were formulated with alternative proteins replacing 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of FM. Taurine and betaine were added as attractants in the diets. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight: $196{\pm}2g$) were fed the diets to apparent satiation. Over the course of a 6-month feeding trial, there were no significant differences between the groups in growth performance, feed utilization, survival, or villus height. The dry matter and protein digestibility of FM50 diet were significantly lower than those of the control diet at water temperatures below $18.5^{\circ}C$ in months 4 and 6. This is a highly significant first report on FM replacement in an EP diet given to olive flounder over a 6-month-long feeding period. It shows that the proper mixture of protein sources can replace up to 50% of FM in olive flounder EP diets with taurine and betaine supplementation. It also shows that 40% of FM could be safely replaced in EP diets during periods of low water temperature.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2024

This study evaluated the utilization of a low fish meal (LFM) diet and black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens meal and oil as a fish meal (FM) substitute or functional additive for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus at the Jeju fish farm. Two experimental diets replaced FM using animal (tankage, poultry byproduct and tuna byproduct meal) and plant (wheat gluten and soy protein concentrate) protein sources, containing 45% (FM45) and 35% (FM35) of FM, respectively. One experimental diet replaced FM with animal, plant, and BSF meal, fish oil using insect meal and oil (FM35+). After the feeding trial ended, no differences in growth performance, feed utilization, survival and biological indices were observed among all experimental groups. Aspartate aminotransferase and cholesterol levels in the FM35 and FM35+ groups were significantly higher than that in the FM70 group. The linoleic acid level in the muscle was significantly higher in the fish fed with the FM70 diet than in those fed with the FM45, FM35, and FM35+ diets. Thus, the LFM diet is suitable for juvenile olive flounder farming during six months.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.801-809
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• 2014

This study was conducted to compare an experimental extruded pellet (EP) and raw fish-based moist pellet (MP) on growth performance, whole-body and dorsal muscle composition, and textural properties of dorsal muscle for olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Four groups of 8,000 fish (initial mean weight $27.1{\pm}0.05g$) per concrete tank ($10{\times}10m$) were fed the experimental diets for 16 months. After the feeding trial, no significant differences were observed in final mean body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, survival, and condition factor between EP and MP groups. However, feed efficiency of fish fed the EP was significantly higher than that of fish fed the MP. Moisture content in the whole-body of fish fed the MP was significantly higher than that of fish fed the EP. Significantly higher contents of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in whole-body and dorsal muscle were observed in fish fed the EP compared with fish fed the MP. Any notable differences in amino acid contents or textural properties of the dorsal muscle were not observed in fish fed either the EP or the MP. The results of this study indicated that the EP could be developed to replace MP for the market size of production in olive flounder without the adverse effects on growth performance. Formulation of the EP could be used as a practical feed for olive flounder.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.746-754
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• 2011

배합사료를 공급한 양식 넙치와 생사료를 공급한 양식넙치의 핵산 관련 물질 및 유리아미노산 측정을 통한 품질의 차이를 비교하였다. 넙치 등근육의 핵산관련물질은 모든 실험사료구에서 공통적으로 AMP 함량이 가장 높았고 그 다음으로 IMP의 함량이 높았다. 공급한 사료에 따라서 HxR의 성분에는 유의적인 차이(p<0.05)를 보였으나, 핵산 관련물질 조성의 분포양상은 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, 넙치 지느러미살의 핵산 관련 물질 조성 중 공급한 사료의 종류에 상관없이 IMP 함량이 공통적으로 가장 높게 나타났으나 함량에는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 한편, 어육의 초기 변화 정도를 측정하는 K value는 넙치 등근육에서 MP, CEP 및 FEP의 공급구가 각각 9.63%, 9.83% 및 5.84%를 나타내었고, 넙치 지느러미 살에서는 각각 15.71%, 11.22% 및 17.60%를 나타내었다. 넙치를 사육하는 동안 공급하는 사료의 종류에 따라 등 근육 및 지느러미살의 특정 유리아미노산 함량에는 유의적인 차이가 있으나, 전반전인 유리아미노산의 조성에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 유리아미노산 중에서 taurine 함량이 모든 실험사료구에서 공통적으로 가장 높았고, CEP 및 FEP 공급구는 asparagine과 citrulline의 함량이 MP 공급구보다 높았다. 이처럼, 넙치를 사육하는 동안 공급하는 사료의 종류에 따라 등근육 및 지느러미살의 특정 유리아미노산의 함량에 차이가 나는 것으로 볼 때, 맛과 풍미에 큰 영향을 미치는 유리아미노산 조성의 규명은 기호도를 예측할 수 있는 효과적인 방법이라 생각된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.42-49
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• 2009

본 연구는 건조 배합사료를 공급한 양식 넙치와 생사료를 공급한 양식넙치의 품질특성을 비교해 보고자 하였다. 즉, 건조 배합사료로서는 시중에 판매되고 있는 상품사료(CEP)와 직접 설계 제조한 실험사료(FEP) 2종을 사용하였고 생사료(MP)를 대조구로하여, 약 10달간 각각의 사료를 공급한 넙치(1.15 kg)의 등근육 및 지느러미 살을 대상으로 하여 각 사료 공급에 의한 일반성분, 지방산, 아미노산, 관능평가 및 물성측정을 통한 어육의 품질차이를 비교하였다. 넙치 등근육의 일반성분의 각 함량은 차이가 없었으나, 지느러미 살의 경우는 MP 공급구가 수분함량이 높고 조지방 함량은 낮았다. 넙치 어육의 지방산 조성은, 넙치를 사육하는 동안 공급하는 사료의 종류에 따라 등근육 및 지느러미살의 지방산 조성은 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었고, 주로 축산육의 품질 측정시 지표로 사용되던 18 : 0/18 : 2, 18 : 2/18 : 3 및 n-6/n-3과 같은 지방산의 비율을 활용해서 어류의 풍미와 정미성을 비롯해 어육의 질감 차이까지도 예측할 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다. 또한, MP, CEP 및 FEP를 공급한 넙치 등근육의 구성아미노산 조성 중 EAA, FAA, SAAA, SAA 및 FRAA의 함량에는 차이가 없었으나, 지느러미살의 경우는 맛 관련 성분인 glutamic acid와 감미성분인 glycine 및 alanine이 각 사료구별로 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. 냄새, 외관, 맛, 질감 및 종합적인 기호도면에 대해 관능검사를 실시한 결과 모든 사료구에서 유의적인 차이는 없었고, 경도(hardness)는 MP 공급구가 CEP 및 FEP 공급구보다 높았다. 물성측정 결과도 역시 모든 사료구에서 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 본 실험 결과로부터 건조 배합사료를 공급한 넙치의 등근육 및 지느러미 살의 품질 특성은 생사료를 공급한 넙치와 큰 차이는 없음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.604-608
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate extruded pellet (EP) diet compared with a raw fish moist pellet (MP) diet for flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus on field feeding experiments in Jeju area. The experimental EP diet (juvenile, growing and adult) was prepared based on the former studies on nutrient requirements and feed ingredient of flounder. Fish were distributed randomly to each aquarium as a group of 102,300 fish (initial mean weight 97 g) in field experiment I and reared randomly to each aquarium as a group of 40,000 fish (initial mean weight 120 g) in field experiment II. In field feeding experiment I conducted in commercial flounder farm, survival, wt. gain (94-1,090 g), feed efficiency and condition factor of fish fed experimental EP were comparable to those of fish fed MP, but considerably higher protein efficiency ratio were observed in fish fed experimental EP. In field feeding experiment II, no significant difference was observed in final mean weight of fish fed the experimental EP (1,234 g) and MP (1,286 g), and any noticeable problem caused by feeding the experimental EP was not found during the whole period of feeding trial. Survival of fish fed the experimental EP was lower than that of MP, and there was no significant difference in feed efficiency between the fish fed experimental EP and MP. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that diet EP could be developed to replace MP diet for the marketable size (1.3 kg) of production for flounder without adverse effects on growth performance. In particular, abdominal dropsy and reduction of condition factor, which are frequently occurred in commercial EP feeding farms, were not observed in flounder fed experimental EP.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.100-105
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of extruded pellet (EP) diets, as compared to a raw fish moist pellet (MP) diet for olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, grown in commercial-scale aquaculture for 1 year. Four diets with duplication per diet were formulated for this experiment: two experimental EP diets (EP1 and EP2), one commercial EP diet (CEP), and a raw fish MP diet (MP). The MP diet consisted of 80% frozen horse mackerel and 20% commercial binder meal. Fish weighing $30.1{\pm}0.1 g$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) were distributed randomly to each aquarium as a group of 2,600 fish. Weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of fish fed EP2 and MP were higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed CEP, while those of fish fed EP1 did not differ (P>0.05) from those fed EP2 and MP. However, fish fed the MP diet had a higher survival rate than fish fed the other diets. Fish fed EP2 had higher serum, phospholipids and total protein levels, and lower levels of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and total cholesterol than fish fed MP (P<0.05). Dorsal muscle and liver proteins and lipid of fish fed EP1 were higher (P<0.05) than those of fish fed CEP, while those of fish fed EP1 and MP did not differ from those of fish fed EP2 (P>0.05). These results strongly suggest that EP1 could be developed to replace MP for grow-out stage production of olive flounder without adverse effects on growth performance.

• 환경생물
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2016

본 연구는 EP사료와 MP사료를 공급한 강도다리의 성장과 혈액성분의 변화 조사를 통해 강도다리 양식에 대한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 수행되었다. 실험 개시 전과 종료 후에 강도다리의 무안측 생체무늬를 사진 촬영하여 개체 인식 가능성을 확인한 바, 생체 무늬의 큰 변화가 관찰되지 않아 향후 강도다리를 비롯한 넙치류에서의 개체 인식 수단으로 활용 가능할 것으로 여겨진다. 증중량과 일간 성장률은 MP 사료 시험구가 EP사료 시험구보다 높았으며, 혈액성분 중 삼투압과 관련된 전해질 농도, 코티졸 농도, 간장 건강도 지표, 영양 지표 등은 시험구 간 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 공급 사료의 지질 함량이 상대적으로 많았던 MP사료 시험구의 혈중 유리지방산 농도가 높게 나타나, 증중량이나 일간 성장률이 높았던 것과도 관련이 있을 것으로 여겨지며, 수온이 낮은 수역에 주로 서식하는 강도다리가 지질을 에너지원으로 효과적으로 활용한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 두 사료 시험구에서 모두 일간 성장률이 큰 그룹이 낮은 그룹에 비해 혈중 유리지방산 농도가 높았던 것에 대한 상관성에 대해서는 향후 더욱 상세한 검토가 필요할 것으로 생각한다.