• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2007

In order to promote utilization of the Yangha (Zinger mioga Rosc.) as functional food and natural spices, and 95.93%, from the dried one 7.63%, and from powder 9.81%, respectively. Crude protein content from the Yangha powder was 11.21%, and contents of crude fat, crude ash and crude fiber were 2.44%,10.78%, and 14.47%, respectively. Most of compositions from Yangha powder were higher than those from raw and the dried one, except fer water content. Antioxidative effect was investigated through Rancimat and DPPH methods. Oxidative stability of Yangha powder was the highest of4.21Al. Furthermore, the free radical scavenging activity of Yangha powder (76.61%) was higher than that of raw (49.35%) or the dried one (61.78%). Volatile flavor compounds of Yangha was extracted by steam distillation and extraction method. The extracts were analyzed and identified by gas chromatography and GC-MS spectrometry. One hundred twenty two volatile flavor components were identified, and the major component was terpene compounds including ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, 1,4-terpineol, and ${\beta}$-terpinene.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1689-1697
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• 2004

Aroma compounds in 6 different Byeolmijang were extracted by SDE (simultaneous steam distillation extraction) and analyzed with GC (gas chromatography) and GC/MS (mass-spectrometry). The major aroma compounds in the 6 different Byeolmijang during aging were 1-octene-3-ol, hexanal, benzeneacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, furfural, pyrazine compounds, benzyl-alcohol, furan compounds and phenol type compounds. Generally, benzeneacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, furfural, pyrazine compounds and phenol type compounds were increased during aging. On the other hand, 1-octene-3-ol, hexanal, benzyl-alcohol and furan compounds were decreased during aging. 2-Heptenal and 2,4-decadienal in Daemaekjang, pyrazine and phenol type compounds in Sanghwangjang and phenol type compounds including phenol, 4-methoxy-phenol and 4-ethyl-phenol in Mujang were identified as major aroma compounds, respectively. The major aroma compound in Bizijang was 2,4-decadienal and in Sodujang, the major aroma compounds were 2,3-dihydro-benzofuran and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol. Linaool, geraniol, 6-elemene, 6-lonone and ledene were detected in Jigeumjang possibly due to the addition of powdered red pepper.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.432-438
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• 2016

Ethoxyquin (EQ, 1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-quinoline) is quinoline-based antioxidant used in the animal feed and food industry to protect the raw materials and final products against oxidation. In recent years the use of synthetic antioxidants in fishmeal ingredients carry-over to farmed fish fillets has received increasing attention in food safety. This study was conducted to develop an analytical method to determine EQ in aquatic products. The analytes were confirmed and quantified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The sample was extracted with 1 N HCl (in case of flatfish extracted with 1 N HCl containing 10% acetonitrile). Then, solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for the cleanup. Standard calibration curves presented linearity with the correlation coefficient ($r^2$) > 0.99, analyzed at 0.005-0.2 mg/kg concentration. The developed method was validated according to the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) guideline. The limits of quantitation for EQ were 0.01 mg/kg. Average recoveries ranged from 81.3% to 107%. The repeatability of measurements, expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV, %), was below 10%. The analytical method was characterized with high accuracy and acceptable sensitivity to meet CODEX guideline requirements and would be applicable to analyze the EQ residue in aquatic products.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.556-560
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• 2015

This study was aimed at investigating the natural occurrence of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline in tea leaves. Sample clean-up was based on a simple solid phase extraction (SPE) treatment, and simultaneous analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This method showed good results in terms of linearity, recovery, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). The caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline contents of tea leaves (n = 228) ranged from 5.4 to 58.2 mg/g, from not detected to 11.2 mg/g, and from not detected to 0.7 mg/g, respectively. The results obtained in this study can be used as fundamental data of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline contents in tea leaves.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.93-97
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• 2005

Three antioxidants, Sa-1, Sa-2 and Sa-3, were isolated from the MeOH extract of the mushroom Sarcodon aspratus through EtOAc extraction, silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and $C_{18}$ HPLC. The structures of the compounds were determined mainly by NMR and mass spectroscopic data analyses. Sa-1, Sa-2 and Sa-3 were identified as diketopiperazines, and their structures were determined to be cyclo(prolyl-valyl), cyclo(prolyl-leucyl) and cyclo(prolyl-isoleucyl), respectively. This is the first time that these compounds were isolated from this mushroom. They showed antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radical $(EC_{50}\;0.15{\sim}0.18\;mM)$ and superoxide radical $(EC_{50}\;0.21{\sim}0.24\;mM)$.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.124-132
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• 2017

Microbial secondary metabolites of marine organisms are regarded as major sources of structurally and biologically novel compounds with numerous potential uses. Sponge-microbe associations are among the most interesting sources for exploring bioactive compounds. In this study, the bacterial strain Microbulbifer sp. (127CP7-12) was isolated from the Asian marine sponge Hymeniacidon sinapium collected at an intertidal zone on the west coast of Korea. Cultured bacteria produced a violet pigment, and optimal culture conditions for violet pigment production were investigated. Maximum production of the violet pigment from the strain culture was observed under the conditions of $25^{\circ}C$, pH 6.0, and 3% NaCl. Acetone provided better extraction of the pigment from fermented broth compared with ethanol and methanol. The proposed structure of the major component in the extracted crude pigment was determined via high-performance liquid chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and UV spectra analyses, which showed that the metabolite was the promising bioactive compound violacein. This study describes the examination of marine bioactive materials from microbe-engaged metabolites and the ecological implications of the sponge-microbe association in a changing ocean.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 2008

Immunomodulating effect of Salicornia herbacea extract on the mouse splenocytes was investigated. Crude S. herbacea polysaccharide extract (CSP) and other kinds of fine S. herbacea polysaccharides (SPI and SPII) were prepared from S. herbacea by hot water extraction and further ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography. In vitro experiment, the mouse splenocytes and separated T cells were treated with CSP, SPI or SPII (0.5, 1, 2, 4 mg/ml). In vivo experiment, three different S. herbacea extracts were orally administrated everyday for one week. For the basic data, body weight and physiological parameters such as organ weight and spleen index were observed. The proliferation of the cells was used as an index for immunemodulating activity and the effect of proliferation was evaluated using MTS assay. The CSP, SPI and SPII directly induced the proliferation of splenocytes and separated T cells in a dose-dependent manner. In results, the proliferation was more increased in the SPI and SPII treated cells than in the CSP treated cells. The best proliferation was shown in the splenocytes cultured with SPI at the concentration of 4 mg/ml for 24 hr. The proliferation of splenocytes and separated T-cells was higher (3.2 and 3.5 times, respectively) than the control. Moreover, when the mouse splenocytes were treated with mitogen, the efficient proliferation was shown in the splenocytes cultured with SPI. In conclusion, polysaccharides from S. herbacea showed a substantial immunomodulating activity in the mouse immune cells.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.70-73
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• 2013

Solubility of oil contaminants in surfactant solutions plays an important role in selecting a suitable surfactant type for soil remediation. Solubility measurement procedures consist of making an equilibrium between surfactant solution and oil, solvent extraction using dichloromethane, and condensation for gas chromatography analysis. Solubility measurement requires time consumption and lots of materials. Interfacial tension is the contracting force between two immiscible liquids, surfactant solution and oil, and also closely related to solubility of oil. This study established a relationship between the interfacial tension and solubility of diesel fuel in surfactant solution and suggested a quick method to estimate solubility of oil in a surfactant solution by measuring its interfacial tension. The results of this study showed that the solubility of diesel fuel in surfactant solution was exponentially increased by decreasing the interfacial tension between two immiscible liquids. The solubility of diesel fuel was significantly increased under the interfacial tension conditions below 1 dyne/cm, while the solubility change was not apparent under the interfacial tension conditions beyond 5 dyne/cm. Interfacial tension measurements may allow us to quickly select an efficient surfactant and its concentration for soil remediation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.246-255
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• 1996

To develop a natural antioxidative peptide, the gelatin was extracted from fish (Yellowfin sole) skin by hot $water(50^{\circ}C)$ extraction method and hydrolyzed with Alcalase, pronase and collagenase through a continuous 3-step membrane reactor. Each step enzymatic hydrolysates were determined the antioxidative activity and their synergistic effects, compared with $\alpha-tocopherol$ and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Also, we tried to investigate the antioxidative disposition of peptide which was successfully separated by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and HPIC in cultured rat hepatocytes intoxicated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). Second step enzymatic hydrolysate (SSEH) among all hydrolysates and $\alpha-tocoperol$ was showed the strongest antioxidative activity. The optimum concentration of antioxidative activity for SSEH was $1\%(w/w)$ in linoleic acid. The synergistic effects were increased in using the hydrolysate with tocopherol and BHT. In the presence of the peptide isolated from SSEH, supplemented hepatocytes exposed to TBHP showed that delayed cell killing and decreased significantly the lipid peroxidation, compared with hepatocytes not cultured with isolated peptide.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to examine the immune-enhancing effects of polysaccharides isolated from Phellinus linteus mycelium on Mori ramulus. Crude polysaccharides were isolated by pressurized extraction ($121^{\circ}C$, $1.2kgf/cm^2$, 3 h), ethanol precipitation, and lyophilization. In addition, crude polysaccharides were further fractionated into unabsorbed fractions (PF-1, fraction No. 3~15) and absorbed fractions (PF-2, fraction No. 24~33) by DEAE-sepharose CL-6B column chromatography in order to isolate immune-regulating polysaccharides. The major constituents in PF-1 and PF-2 were total sugar (75.51% and 52.38%), total protein (1.63% and 8.41%), uronic acid (17.53% and 15.04%), and ${\beta}-glucan$ (28.33% and 25.04%), respectively. PF-1 increased production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA expression levels of inducible NO synthetase, cyclooxygenase-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and IL-6 markedly increased as determined by polymerase chain reaction analysis. The above data led us to conclude that macrophage activation of purified polysaccharides was higher than that of crude polysaccharides. The polysaccharides isolated from P. linteus mycelium on M. ramulus investigated herein are useful as natural immune-enhancing agents.