• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.817-821
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• 2012

In this paper we applied the optimal mixture number estimation technique in GMM(Gaussian mixture model) using BIC(Bayesian information criterion) and MDL(minimum description length) as a model selection criterion for environmental sounds recognition. In the experiment, we extracted 12 MFCC(mel-frequency cepstral coefficients) features from 9 kinds of environmental sounds which amounts to 27747 data and classified them with GMM. As mentioned above, BIC and MDL is applied to estimate the optimal number of mixtures in each environmental sounds class. According to the experimental results, while the recognition performances are maintained, the computational complexity decreases by 17.8% with BIC and 31.7% with MDL. It shows that the computational complexity reduction by BIC and MDL is effective for environmental sounds recognition using GMM.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.1516-1519
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• 1997

With disseminationof Distributed Control Systems(DCS), the huge amounts of process operation data could have been available and led to figure out process behaviors better on the statistical basis. Until now, the statistical modeling technology has been susally applied to process monitoring and fault diagnosis. however, it has been also thought that these process information, extracted from statistical analysis, might serve a great opportunity for process operation improvements and process improvements. This paper proposed a general methodolgy for process operation improvements including data analysis, backing up the result of analysis based on the methodology, and the mapping physical physical phenomena to the Principal Components(PC) which is the most distinguished feature in the methodology form traditional statistical analyses. The application of the proposed methodology to the Balst Furnace(BF) process has been presented for details. The BF process is one of the complicated processes, due to the highly nonlinear and correlated behaviors, and so the analysis for the process based on the mathematical modeling has been very difficult. So the statisitical analysis has come forward as a alternative way for the useful analysis. Using the proposed methodology, we could interpret the complicated process, the BF, better than any other mathematical methods and find the direction for process operation improvement. The direction of process operationimprovement, in the BF case, is to increase the fludization and the permeability, while decreasing the effect of tapping operation. These guide directions, with those physical meanings, could save fuel cost and process operator's pressure for proper actions, the better set point changes, in addition to the assistance with the better knowledge of the process. Open to set point change, the BF has a variety of steady state modes. In usual almost chemical processes are under the same situation with the BF in the point of multimode steady states. The proposed methodology focused on the application to the multimode steady state process such as the BF, consequently can be applied to any chemical processes set point changing whether operator intervened or not.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.480-485
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• 2004

Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) technology was evaluated as a monitoring tool for quantification of Nocardia amarae causing a nuisance foaming problem in activated sludge process. The identified signature peak was 19:1 alcohol as a reliable unique peak to N. amarae. Chemostat study revealed that the distribution and quantity of fatty acid peaks were dependent on the growth stage of Nocardia. The FAME results were similar for two relatively high dilution rates; however, the amounts of signature peaks extracted from the 4 and 6 day cultures were significantly higher. This dependence of signature peaks on the physiological state of the organism may be a useful information to assess the health of microbial populations in activated sludge. A laboratory scale batch foaming potential experiment provided a critical foaming level depending on Nocardia population. This critical Nocardia level determined in this study was in terms of either the threshold filament intersections number or the threshold signature FAME amount. The threshold peak area of signature FAME (19:1 alcohol) and corresponding filament counts were 430PA/mg VSS and $1.45{\times}10^6$ intersections/g VSS, respectively. The threshold signature FAME level could be effectively applied as a criterion for diagnosing foam occurrence in activated sludge system.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.280-285
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• 2009

Both fresh Codonopsis lanceolata and lactic acid bacteria fermented Codonopsis lanceolata were extracted with water at $100^{\circ}C$, and tested for anticancer activity using several human cancer cell lines. The fermented extracts inhibited the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells up to 90%, compared to 75% for fresh Codonopsis lanceolata. The extracts of cytotoxicity on human normal lung cells (HEK293) were as low as 15%. Especially, human hepatocellular carcinoma cell were more efficiently inhibited than other cells. This extract also inhibited $\alpha$-glucosidase activity up to 60% at 1.0mg/$m{\ell}$. This fermented extracts showed the inhibition potency on tyrosinase by 25% at 1.0mg/$m{\ell}$. From the results, the fermented Codonopsis lanceolata enhanced several biological activities up to $20{\sim}30%$, compared to those from fresh Codonopsis lanceolata. It implies that fermentation process could be one of useful methods of utilizing low quality Codonopsis lanceolata. Because this process could yield high amounts of biologically active compounds by the help of microbial growth.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.16 no.3 s.77
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• pp.27-33
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• 2007

It is very important in the view point of resource recycling to recover valuable metals such as copper and tin from waste electric and electronic scrap. The waste electric and electronic scrap contains significant amounts of copper, tin, and so on. In this study, a new process for extracting copper and tin contained in the waste electric and electronic scrap using waste copper slag which is generated from the melting furnace of copper smelter was presented. Advantage of the proposed process is to reuse waste copper slag instead of new fluxes as slag formatives. In each experiment, the waste electric and electronic scrap and waste copper slag were melted inputting suitable amount of CaO as an additional flux. Up to 95% of copper and 85% of tin in the raw material were extracted in a Cu-Fe-Sn alloy phase.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1032-1037
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• 1994

A simple, reproducible , and accurate enzymatic method using a cholesterol assay kit was developed to quantify total cholesterol content in egg yolk. Total egg yolk lipid was extracted with hexane : isopropanol(3 : 2, v/v) mixture. Samples containing various amount of the total lipid(0-3mg) in optically identifical culture tubes were reacted for 10 min in a water bath (37$^{\circ}C$) with the enzyme solution (5ml) from the cholesterol assay kit. Cholesterol content of the reaction mixturesin culture tubes was spectrophotometrically determined by two different ways : (1) using the culture tube as a curvette(designate culture tube method ; CTM) and (2) the quartz cvette containing the reaction mixture transferred from the culture tube (designate standard cvette method, SCM). CTM revealed lower cholesterol content in 0.1-1.0mg lipid sample range that SCM did, but not significant. For more than 2.0mg lipid sample, CTM gave significantly (p<0.01) lower cholesterol content relative to that by SCM, suggesting that SCM give a false positive result from the sample containing more than 2 mg lipid due to the interference of absorbance by lipid dispersed in the reaction solution . Cholesterol content of less than 1.0mg lipid sample by CTM was proportional to the amount of lipid used, but its linear relationship was not seen in more than 2mg lipid sample. Thus, to determine the appropriate lipid amounts (mg) analyzed . A constant level (41$\mu\textrm{g}$/mg) of cholesterol concentration was observed from the sample containing 0.1-1mg lipid. after which the cholesterol level was dropped to less than 41$\mu\textrm{g}$ /mg. Cholesterol concentration in egg yolk samples quantified by CTM was in accordance with that by GC method. These results suggest that CTM is an useful method for the quantification of cholesterol in egg yolk lipid and other lipids as well.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.31 no.6 s.119
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• pp.463-473
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• 2006

Automated sensing of soil macronutrients would allow more efficient mapping of soil nutrient spatial variability for variable-rate nutrient management. The capabilities of ion-selective electrodes for sensing macronutrients in soil extracts can be affected by the presence of other ions in the soil itself as well as by high concentrations of ions in soil extractants. Adoption of automated, on-the-go sensing of soil nutrients would be enhanced if a single extracting solution could be used for the concurrent extraction of multiple soil macronutrients. This paper reports on the ability of the Kelowna extractant to extract macronutrients (N, P, and K) from US Corn Belt soils and whether previously developed PVC-based nitrate and potassium ion-selective electrodes could determine the nitrate and potassium concentrations in soil extracts obtained using the Kelowna extractant. The extraction efficiencies of nitrate-N and phosphorus obtained with the Kelowna solution for seven US Corn Belt soils were comparable to those obtained with IM KCI and Mehlich III solutions when measured with automated ion and ICP analyzers, respectively. However, the potassium levels extracted with the Kelowna extractant were, on average, 42% less than those obtained with the Mehlich III solution. Nevertheless, it was expected that Kelowna could extract proportional amounts of potassium ion due to a strong linear relationship ($r^2$ = 0.96). Use of the PVC-based nitrate and potassium ion-selective electrodes proved to be feasible in measuring nitrate-N and potassium ions in Kelowna - soil extracts with almost 1 : 1 relationships and high coefficients of determination ($r^2$ > 0.9) between the levels of nitrate-N and potassium obtained with the ion-selective electrodes and standard analytical instruments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.37-53
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• 1993

The polynuclear hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from coke oven standpipe were sampled using three sampling systems, including glass fiber filter+silver membrane filter, glass fiber filter+silver membrane filter+XAD-2 adsorbent tube, PTFE membrane filter+XAD-2 adsorbent tube, extracted by methylene chloride and analysed by gas chromathography using flame ionization detector. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Because the amounts of coke oven emissions(COE) were large, the analyses of PAHs were simple and possible without evaporation and concentration. Although the generation of COE was high during early stage of coking, the airborne concentration of PAHs was low and increased during late coking. 2. The contents of PAHs in COE were 1.35-2.81%. 3. The index components of PAHs were fluoranthene and pyrene. Their correlation coefficient to total PAHs were 0.96, 0.95, respectively. 4. The particulate PAHs were sampled by filter and gaseous PAHs by adsorbent tube. The collection efficiency of glass fiber filter+silver membrane filter was 20% of total amount sampled by filters+adsorbent and PTFE membrane filter 50%. Adsorbent tube must be attached to the filter to collect light and small PAH components. 5. The generation of acenaphthene and indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene were low and concentrations of fluorene and anthracene were $20-40ug/m^3$ throughout coking time. Other PAH eoncentrations were sometimes high. The generation of PAHs was low at 4-6 hours of coking time. The gaseous PAHs were generated earlier than particulate PAHs.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.194-199
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• 2010

Compost as a soil amendment is of importance in enhancing the soil chemical and microbial qualities; however, soil microbial community can vary depending on the composition, and the amount of compost applied to plant in the soil. Responses of soil microbial properties to compost applications with 0, 30, and 60 Mg $ha^{-1}$ were investigated in silt loam soils where red pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) was mainly cultivated in Yeongyang, Gyeongbuk, Korea. The analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) extracted from soil showed that compost amounts significantly increased PLFAs representing as bacteria, fungi, and VAM-fungi as well as the ratio of fungi/bacteria, and monounsaturated/saturated PLFAs. Increasing the amount of compost significantly increased Gram-/Gram+ PLFAs' ratio, but significantly decreased monounsaturated/saturated PLFAs' ratio. Therefore, this result shows that compost would vary to a limited extent the microbial community in red pepper field. However, increase in compost application would change the subgroup structure of microbial community only.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.19-22
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of acetic acid and citric acid treatments on amount and content ratio of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) which were extracted from beef shank bones. The amount of Ca in shank bone extracts significantly increased with increasing citric acid and acetic acid concentration, whereas the amount of P increased with only adding citric acid to extraction media. In the case of combined treatment with 0.2 % acetic acid and 0.1 % citric acid, the amounts of Ca and P increased to 30 and 400 %, respectively and Ca and P ratio were drastically improved from 7.53 to 1.85 compared with treatment of 0.2 % acetic acid. The sensory score of shank bone extract prepared with 0.2 % acetic acid and 0.1 % citric acid treatment showed the highest values in taste and overall acceptability among the tested shank bone extracts.