• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.1-10
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• 2011

According to "Dongeuibogam(東醫寶鑑)", "the Shinnong Herb Bible(神農本草經)", "Chamdonggo(參同攷)", come to the conclusion about medical thought of "the Zhouyi Cantongxie(周易參同契)". Alchemy is a common field both on the eastern and western civilization, but a process of development is different. Ancient chinese alchemist made a study on external alchemy, but harmful consequences of external alchemy was consecutive, many scholars had turned their interest on internal alchemy which is related in human meridian biology and spirit. In the western alchemy has developed to make a study on analytic psychology and science of religion. Most importantly, the eastern and western alchemy have something in common what at the point of the perfection of self is similar, but the name is different, for example in the eastern alchemy we can be immortals and take a spiritual enlightenment with the elixir of life, in the western we can take a cure of souls as a christian. As for internal alchemy, "Cantongxie(參同契)" gives influence to the theories such as the theory of danjeon(lower part of the abdomen), evolution, aging, and life nurturing. Especially, the theory of danjeon shows such merit for studying since it is similar to triple energizers(三焦) and the theory of qi street(氣街) of oriental medicine. The study on "Cantongxie(參同契)" was achieved in Korea too, especially Chosun dynasty. "Candongkao (參同攷)" by Seo Myung-eung(徐命膺, 1716~1787) are representative. According to "Candongkao(參同攷)", Geon(乾), Gon(坤), Gam(坎), and Ri(離), the four trigrams for divination, each are affiliated with lungs, spleen, kidneys, and heart. Nowadays the study on alchemy correspond with modern trends, which are anti-aging and living without any disease. If processed mineral drugs is assured for stability, it can be used for incurable diseases such as cancer.

• 유학연구
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• v.43
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• pp.165-192
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• 2018

이 논문은 『주역참동계고이(周易參同契考異)』를 주희의 철학에서 고립된 영역으로 간주하는 대신, 주희의 삶의 후반기에 있어 그의 사유, 특히 그의 철학의 핵심 개념 인 리(理)에 관한 사유와 관련하여 고찰했다. 『참동계』는 우주론이나 선천역학(先天易學)과 관련이 있지만, 『참동계』의 저자인 위백양(魏伯陽)은 『주역』의 해석이 아니라, 연단술의 기초를 확립하기 위해 음양 개념과 선천역학의 괘상 형성 원리를 빌렸을 뿐이다. 그러므로 우주론과 선천역학과의 관계는 간접적인 것이다. 주희에 따르면, 연단술이 근거하고 있는 『참동계』는 과학과 자연학의 공통 기반으로서 리에 기초하고 있다. 이런 맥락에서, 그는 리의 기초 위에서 자연학으로서의 외단술과 내단술을 정립하려고 했다. 주희에 따르면, 외단술은 도가의 일원론에서 일자(一者)와 같은 종류의 물질로 만들어진 단약을 찾는 방법이다. 주희는 단약이 영원한 존재와 동류로 구성되어야 함을 인정하지만, 기본적으로 외단술과 일원론을 이기이원론의 관점에서 비판한다. 또한 주희는 이기이원론에 기초하여 내단술을 재해석한다. 당시 내단을 수행함으로써 불사의 존재로 인정되던 선인(仙人)은 사실 불사의 존재가 아니라고 한다. 주희는 수명의 한계 내에서 내단의 호흡술을 통해 기의 발산을 조금 지연시킬 가능성은 인정하지만, 내단은 외단과 마찬가지로 기의 양생(養生)에 지나지 않는다고 주장한다. 그러나 양심(養心)은 마음속 리에 기초한 불사관의 새로운 전망을 가능하게 한다. 말하자면, 기의 양생과 달리 리와 관련된 자기수양은 일종의 불사와 영생에 관련된다.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.31
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• pp.53-86
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• 2011

Taoism exercised its influence and has made much progress apparently under the aegis of the Tang dynasty. But since the external alchemy, a traditional way of eternal life that they have pursued, met the limitation, they were placed in a situation where they needed to seek a new discipline. From this period to the early North Song dynasty, three religions have established the unique theoretical systems of their own theory of ascetic practices. They showed their own unique formats as follows. Neo-Confucianism established the theory of moral training, Buddhism did the theory of ascetic practices and Taoism had theory of discipline. By this time, a person who claimed the Intermixture of Three Religions composed the new system of theory of ascetic practice by taking advantage of other religions and putting them into his own view. Chen tuan established the theory of internal alchemy of Taoism and was the most influential figure in the world of thought since North Song dynasty. He clearly declared that he accepted the merits of other religions in his theory. He added I Ching of Confucianism in I Ching of secret of Taoism to stop the logical gaps during the process of disciplines in Taoism and took ascetic practices on mind of Buddhism into his system while he sought a way to integrate the dual structure of body and mind. The theory of Chen tuan's internal alchemy was training schema with stages of 'YeonJeongHwaGi', 'YeonGiHwaSin', and 'YeonSinHwanHeo' based on the concepts of vital, energy and spirit. The internal alchemy practice that Chen tuan was saying started from the practice of Zen to keep the mind calm with the basis of fundamental principles of interpretation of book of change according to Taoism. When a person reached the state to be in concert with all changes at the end of the silence and be full of wisdoms, he finally returned to the state of BokGwiMuGeuk by taking the flow of subtle mind and transforming it into energy. He expressed this process by drawing 'MuGeukDo'. Oriental philosophy categorized human into 'phenomenal existence' and 'original existence'. The logic of theory of ascetic practice has been established from these 'category of existence'. It would be determined whether it will return to 'original existence' or be stepped up from 'phenomenal existence' according to how the concept of 'self' or 'I' was made. Chen tuan who established the theory of internal alchemy in Taoism has established the unique theory of internal alchemy discipline and system of intermixture of three religions in this aspect. Today is called 'era of self-loss' or 'era of incurable diseases' caused by environmental pollution. It's still meaningful to review the theory of discipline of Chen tuan's connecting the body and the soul to heal the self, and keep life healthy and pursue the new way of discipline based on it.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.43-55
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• 2023

Mass transport through nanoporous structures such as nanopores or nanochannels has fundamental electrochemical implications and many potential applications as well. These structures can be particularly useful for water treatment, energy conversion, biosensing, and controlled delivery of substances. Earlier research focused on creating nanopores with diameters ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers that can selectively transport cationic or anionic charged species. However, recent studies have shown that nanopores with diameters of a few nanometers or even less can achieve more complex and versatile transport control. For example, nanopores that mimic biological channels can be functionalized with specific receptors to detect viruses, small molecules, and even ions, or can be made hydrophobic and responsive to external stimuli, such as light and electric field, to act as efficient valves. This review summarizes the latest developments in nanopore-based systems that can control mass transport based on the size of the nanopores (e.g., length, diameter, and shape) and the physical/chemical properties of their inner surfaces. It also provides some examples of practical applications of these systems.