• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2006

This study aims to analyze exterior spatial characteristics of the detached houses in Korea which were designed by professional architects. For this, plans, pictures and data of 113 houses which appeared in architectural publications from July 1998 to June 2002 were collected and analyzed. The results of the study are like this. 1) For the shape of buildings, the number of the non-rectangular shaped buildings is higher than that of the rectangular shaped ones. ; 2) For the location of exterior gardens, the number of the houses with front gardens is higher than that of the houses with back gardens. The exterior gardens are mostly accessed from the living rooms. 3) For the interior gardens, 50% of the surveyed houses have this type of gardens. They are mostly located at the back of the living rooms. The interior gardens are mostly accessed from the living rooms, dining rooms and corridors respectively. 4) For the terraces which are located in the 1st floor, they are mostly accessed from the living rooms. : 5) For the balconies which are located in the 2nd floor, they are mostly accessed from the bedrooms.; 6) For the location of the entrances, they are mostly located in the front side of the buildings and mostly facing south.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.264-273
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• 2016

The insulation of a building envelope influences the hygrothermal performance as well as the thermal performance of the building. While most of Korean wood frame houses have an interior insulation system, the exterior insulation system with high thermal performance has recently been applied. While it can be effective in energy savings for better insulation performance, without consideration of the moisture, condensation and mould growth can occur. Therefore, in this study, hygrothermal behaviour, water content, and mould growth were analyzed using hygrothermal simulation of an exterior wall of a wood frame house with which the interior insulation and exterior insulation systems were applied. The wall layer included Wall A (Interior insulation) and Wall B (Exterior insulation). The U-values were identified as 0.173 and $0.157W/m^2K$, respectively. The total water content and OSB absolute water content of Wall A were confirmed to be higher than those of Wall B, but the absolute water content did not exceed the reference value of 20%. The moisture content of the two walls was determined to be stable in the selected areas. However, mould growth risk analysis confirmed that both Wall A and Wall B were at risk of mould growth. It was confirmed that as the indoor setting temperature decreased, the mould index and growth rate in the same area increased. Therefore, the mould growth risk was affected more by indoor and outdoor climate conditions than by the position of the insulation. Consequently, the thermal performance of Wall B was superior to that of Wall A but the hygrothermal performances were confirmed to be similar.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2005

Methods used to study carbon sequestration by soil aggregates have often excluded the concentric spatial variability and other dynamic processes that contribute to resource accessibility and solute transport within aggregates. We investigated the spatial gradients of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) from the exterior to interior layers within macroaggregates, $6.3\sim9.5$ mm, sampled from conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT) sites of a Hoytville silt clay loam. Spatial gradients in C accumulation within macroaggregates were related to the differences in C dynamics by determining the sizes and the turnover rates of fast C and slow C pools in the concentric layers of aggregates. Aggregate exteriors contained more labile C and were characterized by greater C mineralization rates than their interiors in both management systems. In contrast, C in the interior layers of aggregates was more resistant in both systems. These results indicated the spatial differentiation of C dynamics within macroaggregates, i.e., exterior layers as a reactive site and interior layers as a protective site. Greater total C distribution in the exterior layers of NT aggregates indicated more influx of C from the macropores in interaggregate space than C. mineralization (net gain of C), whereas lower C distribution within the exterior layers of CT aggregates indicated net loss of C by greater C mineralization than C influx. We found total C increased approximately 1.6-fold by the conversion of CT soils to NT management systems for a period of 36 years. Differences in total accumulation and the spatial distribution of C within aggregates affected by management were attributed to the differences in aggregate stability and pore networks controlling the spatial heterogeneities of resource availability and microbial activity within aggregates.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2004

When we make a place for people, interior space and exterior space are always connected, each influencing the other. To create a better space or increase the quality of an existing space, it is essential to look at the relationship of inside and outside and their boundaries. Without consideration of the landscape, the building itself gives only limited satisfaction to people. This is an important issue for anyone who deals with space. This study intends to explain the important need for a change in attitude towards our built environment and its intrinsic relationship with its natural context. In the study, I try to find design concepts for integration of inside and outside which have accumulated since early Modernism designers and consider cases with different solutions and approaches that make total design sense when looking at the inside and outside as a whole, then, through observation of the cases, I find 5 design methods(Opening, Continuing, Insulting, Wrapping, Interpreting) in connecting the two spaces and analyze the solutions. The various examples which are shown in each patterns will help us to find ideas for the best solutions of integration of inside and outside. It is true that the idea of integration of inside and outside will increase the quality of our environment and it comes with the current thoughts of ecological and sustainable design. Thereby, I suggest designers to change their manner to continuous and integrated point of view in dealing with built environment.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.70-77
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is providing a usage of exterior, interior finish materials and color scheme for architectural design and the actual texture and pattern plans of finish materials from Le Corbuisier's work, Chapel Ronchamp. Chapel Ronchamp was analyzed to support the study for the interaction between texture usage and color expression. As a powerful design tool, texture, pattern and color of finish materials are very effective to alter the perception of the facade in the building. Most of architectural buildings, shapes and materials of elevations are monotonous and uniform. This study should be considered by details in the elevation of Chapel Ronchamp. As the part for developing and planning of architectural design, researching color plans and finish material is very important on real expression in the architectural space. As a result, this study will benefit in planning both the exterior and interior environments of color and finish material with texture and pattern.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2018

With the progress of national policy researches on the modular construction, many studies have been conducted regarding the standardization of interior building materials. However, studies on the standardization of exterior building materials are still insufficient, and there are no dedicated exterior materials for modular construction. In this regard, this study investigated the necessary of standardization through the analysis on 7 kinds of exterior materials used in general buildings and exterior building materials applied to modular apartment houses in order to establish design criteria for the standardization of dedicated modular exterior materials. Based on the analysis results, assembly reference plane in conjunction with inside dimensions was set, and panelizing standardized in five parts was proposed to solve the problem of low exterior material standardization rate. It also proposed elastic gasket and steel bracket details that can compensate for the fabrication errors of unit boxes and construction errors in stacking.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.102-109
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to analyze how Korean traditional characteristics(traditionality) are reflected in contemporary multi-housing planning since 1997 and to draw its typical way of expression. Through this study, the following conclusions have been reached; The First, Socio-cultural characteristics have affected the planning concept of the multi housing planning in the three way ; traditional philosophies, community space and regional traits. The Second, Two characteristics of space planning were shown in drawings, sketches and photographs; territorial, hierarchic, surrounded space in exterior planning and intermediated spaces in interior planning. The Third, Ornamental characteristics of architectural and landscape design were found; the architectural structure, the traditional landscape, patterns and colors. In conclusion, this study found two types of expression of the Korean traditional characteristics. The first is ‘concrete planning’which was focused on traditional ornamental elements such as forms and colors. And the second is ‘abstract planning’which was focused on the traditional space planning in interior or exterior, philosophy, communal organization and regional characteristics by interpretation of architects and designers. This study shows that the combination of two types of the traditionality will be more ideal in multi-housing planning rather than relying on just one type.

• 전자공학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.91.1-91
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• 2001

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1770-1776
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• 2007

Beef carcasses were examined to explore the effects of spinal cord removal and washing on central nervous system tissue (CNST) decontamination of the surface during the slaughtering process. A total of 15 carcasses were split by sawing centrally down the vertebral column and left sides of split carcasses were used for analysis. Samples were collected by swabbing the surface from 4 defined parts on the interior and 4 on the exterior of carcasses from the abattoir and analyzed using an ELISA-based test. The results showed that automatic and manual spray washing decreased CNST contamination, especially on the interior ventral parts of carcass surfaces (p<0.01), but did not decrease CNST on the interior dorsal parts. Increasing washing time to 60 s did not affect the reduction of CNST contamination. Samples following spinal cord removal prior to splitting showed lower calculated levels of "risk material" than the stated limit of detection (0.1%) of the ELISA kit on interior and exterior carcass parts (p<0.01). Therefore, spinal cord removal prior to splitting could be a very effective way to minimize CNST contamination of beef carcasses.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of expressionism in the space of deconstructive architecture by comparing the spaces of "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" video with the expressionist characteristics of film narrative structure and expressionist architecture and making an expansion based on the results. The findings were as follows: first, the "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" is divided into two set spaces: one has the perspective representation distorted in the viewpoint of a mad person applied to it, and the other reflects the viewpoint of a normal person from medieval paintings with no perspective. Second, the expressionist buildings did not reflect the expressionist characteristics in the interior spaces as fully as in the exterior ones. Third, the incomplete combination of Signifiant and $Signifi{\acute{e}}$, which were the theoretical basis of deconstructive architecture, showed a tendency of binary opposition like the double narrative structure of "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari." Fourth, deconstructive architecture seems to embody the exterior form and interior space of "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" and its set spaces in the phenomenal aspect but exhibits its limitations with the realization of dynamics, one of the characteristics of expressionism. Finally, the Seattle Public Library presents the best embodiment of expressionist characteristics found in the set spaces of "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" while seeking after the combination of horizontal and vertical paths of action through the spiral ramps and inclined slabs.