• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.363-377
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• 2015

Let R be a ring, (S,${\leq}$) a strictly ordered monoid and ${\omega}$ : S ${\rightarrow}$ End(R) a monoid homomorphism. The skew generalized power series ring R[[S,${\omega}$]] is a common generalization of (skew) polynomial rings, (skew) power series rings, (skew) Laurent polynomial rings, (skew) group rings, and Mal'cev-Neumann Laurent series rings. In this paper, we investigate the interplay between the ring-theoretical properties of R[[S,${\omega}$]] and the graph-theoretical properties of its zero-divisor graph ${\Gamma}$(R[[S,${\omega}$]]). Furthermore, we examine the preservation of diameter and girth of the zero-divisor graph under extension to skew generalized power series rings.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.503-520
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• 2022

We introduce a new type of fractional derivative, which we call as the right local general truncated M-fractional derivative for α-differentiable functions that generalizes the fractional derivative type introduced by Anastassiou. This newly defined operator generalizes the standard properties and results of the integer order calculus viz. the Rolle's theorem, the mean value theorem and its extension, inverse property, the fundamental theorem of calculus and the theorem of integration by parts. Then we represent a relation of the newly defined fractional derivative with known fractional derivative and in context with this derivative a physical problem, Kirchoff's voltage law, is generalized. Also, the importance of this newly defined operator with respect to the flexibility in the parametric values is described via the comparison of the solutions in the graphs using MATLAB software.

• 한국정보처리학회논문지
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• 제3권7호
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• pp.1659-1668
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• 1996

스트링 문법은 그래프 언어와 부분집합인 스트링 언어를 생성하는 반면 그래프 문법은 그래프 언어를 생성한다. 그래프 문법 모델중 가장 성공적인 것중의 하나인 NLC문법은 노드 레이블을 이용하여 하나의 노드를 하나의 그래프로 치환 하므로서 그래프를 생성한다. 그래프를 포함하는 하아피그래프를 생성하는 하이퍼그래프 문법 모델로는 미리 정해놓은 접착점들의 순서를 이용하여 하나의 하이퍼에지를 하나의 하이퍼그래프로 치환하는 CFHG 문법, CFHG 문법의 확장형으로서 복제 및 삭제의 방벙 을 통해 하이페이지와 그것이 포함하고 있는 노드들, 즉 하나의 핸들을 하나의 하아 퍼그래프로 차환하는 HH 문법, 그리고 eNCE방식을 이용하여 하나의 핸들을 하나의 하아퍼그래프로 치환하는 HRNCE 문법 등이 소개되었다. 본 논문에서는 HRNCE 문법이 생성하는 그래프 언어와 위에서 언급된 기타의 그래프 문법들이 생성하는 그래프 언어 들을 비교하므로서 HRNCE 문법과 타 그래프 문법들의 언어 생성력을 비교 검토하고자 한다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제29권3A호
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• pp.243-250
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• 2009

이 연구의 목적은 PSC 거더교를 통상적인 경간 이상으로 장경간화할 수 있는 기법들을 고찰하고, 각 기법이 경간에 미치는 영향을 평가하는 체계적인 방법론을 제안하는 것이다. 전편 논문에서는 평가에 필요한 그래프를 구성하는 기본적인 수식들을 유도한 바 있다. 여기에서는 이러한 방법론을 PSC 거더교 예제에 적용하여 각 장경간화 기법들이 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 분석하였다. 제안된 도식적인 방법은 각 기법이 장경간화에 기여하는 이유를 일목요연하게 파악할 수 있고, 더 나아가 장경간화를 위한 개선점을 용이하게 도출할 수 있는 장점이 있음을 보였다. 분석 결과 여러가지 기법들 중 특히 거더의 고강도화, 바닥판 합성 전 2차 긴장을 실시하는 다단계 긴장 기법, Decked PSC 거더 기법 등이 장경간화에 크게 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. 장경간 거더의 증가된 자중에 대처할 수 있는 시공성 및 경제성만 뒷받침된다면 PSC 거더교도 기존 박스거더교의 영역인 50~70 m 경간까지 충분히 설계 및 시공될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2015

The most important challenge in the region-based abstraction method as an approach to compute the state space of time Petri Nets (TPNs) for model checking is that the method results in a huge number of regions, causing a state explosion problem. Thus, region-based abstraction methods are not appropriate for use in developing practical tools. To address this limitation, this paper applies a modification to the basic region abstraction method to be used specially for computing the state space of TPN models, so that the number of regions becomes smaller than that of the situations in which the current methods are applied. The proposed approach is based on the special features of TPN that helps us to construct suitable and small region graphs that preserve the time properties of TPN. To achieve this, we use TPN-TCTL as a timed extension of CTL for specifying a subset of properties in TPN models. Then, for model checking TPN-TCTL properties on TPN models, CTL model checking is used on TPN models by translating TPN-TCTL to the equivalent CTL. Finally, we compare our proposed method with the current region-based abstraction methods proposed for TPN models in terms of the size of the resulting region graph.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.1027-1039
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• 2019

The concept of jump concerns the distribution of $Tur{\acute{a}}n$ densities. A number ${\alpha}\;{\in}\;[0,1)$ is a jump for r if there exists a constant c > 0 such that if the $Tur{\acute{a}}n$ density of a family $\mathfrak{F}$ of r-uniform graphs is greater than ${\alpha}$, then the $Tur{\acute{a}}n$ density of $\mathfrak{F}$ is at least ${\alpha}+c$. To determine whether a number is a jump or non-jump has been a challenging problem in extremal hypergraph theory. In this paper, we give a way to generate non-jumps for hypergraphs. We show that if ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$ are non-jumps for $r_1$, $r_2{\geq}2$ respectively, then $\frac{{\alpha}{\beta}(r_1+r_2)!r_1^{r_1}r_2^{r_2}}{r_1!r_2!(r_1+R_2)^{r_1+r_2}}$ is a non-jump for $r_1+r_2$. We also apply the Lagrangian method to determine the $Tur{\acute{a}}n$ density of the extension of the (r - 3)-fold enlargement of a 3-uniform matching.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.653-664
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• 2001

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) was the sensation of discomfort and stiffness in the muscle, often after taking part in unaccustomed physical activity. No universally accepted treatment exist. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of cryotherapy and intermittent compression on the delayed onset muscle soreness. Flexion elbow joint position and extension(Universal Goniometer). pain(Muscle Soreness Rating Scale) and mechanical pain threshold(Algometer) were measured before 30minutes DOMS was induced.The data were analyzed by measure of Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test. The result were as follow; 1. There were no significantly differences between groups or over time in relation to range of motion. 2. Muscle Soreness Rating was significantly high in cryotherapy and intermittent compression at 48, 72 hours after DOMS was induced(p<.05). 3. Mechanical pain threshold begin to increased at 24 hours and significantly in cryotherapy and intermittent compression groups at 48, 72 hours after DOMS was induced(p>.05). 4. A negative Correlation between muscle soreness rating scale and mechanical Pain threshold graphs at 24, 48, and 72 hours after exercise indicated in cryotherapy and intermittent compression groups.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.769-779
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• 2017

Nutrient (i.e., nitrogen and phosphorus) budgets are required under a 'Livestock Excreta Survey'. A nutrient budget is one of the agri-environmental indicators that calculates the difference between the inputs and outputs of the amount of nutrients within a certain boundary and for a certain time period (e.g., 1 year). In this study, a nutrients budget model was developed to effectively determine the surplus of nutrients within a region in Korea. The C# program language was used in order to facilitate the deployment of a graphical user interface (GUI) and to enhance compatibility. Also, the model was developed on Windows OS, which is the commonly used operating system in Korea. The model was based on the OECD/Eurostat nutrient budget method, and it was modified to consider manure composting procedures as well. There are key features of the nutrient budget model, including directly use of the original data sets from various input and output sources, and a collectively exchange of the address in different formats. The model can quickly show the results of various spatial and temporal resolutions with the same data, as well as perform a sensitivity analysis with coefficients and easily compareresults using tables and graphs. Further, it would be necessary to study the extension of the scope of utilization, such as the application of various nutrient budget methods. It would also be helpful to investigate both pre and postprocessing information such as linking input data through online systems.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.975-983
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 하노이의 탑 (Tower of Hanoi; ToH) 문제를 확장한 문제들을 소개하고, ToH 문제의 상태 공간을 그래프로 표현하기 위한 새로운 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 확장한 문제들로는 기둥의 수를 늘린 경우, 디스크 스택의 수를 늘린 경우, 그리고 일반 상태 간의 이동에 대한 세 가지를 소개하고, 다른 변종 문제들을 소개하고자 한다. 우리가 본 논문에서 제시한 새로운 표현 방안은 기존의 하노이 그래프 표현에 대해 확장된 방식의 그래프 표현을 제시하는 것이다. 제안된 표현에서는 각 디스크마다 하나의 직교좌표를 부여해 줌으로써 링크의 표시와 상태의 변화가 디스크가 어느 기둥에 배치되어 있는가와 시각적으로 일치된 시각화를 가능하게 해 준다. 제안된 표현을 기존의 하노이 그래프와 비교해 보면, 제안된 표현에서 디스크를 옮길 수 없는 링크를 제거하면 기존의 하노이 그래프와 isomorphic하다. 따라서, 제안된 표현은 기존의 하노이 그래프를 확장하여 표현력을 고도화한 것임을 알 수 있다. 제안된 표현에 대한 독자들의 이해를 돕기 위해, 우리는 본 논문에서 디스크의 개수가 2와 3인 경우에 대한 제안된 표현의 시각화 예를 제시하였다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.288-299
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• 2003

Statement of problem: Many kinds of post and core systems are in the market, but there are no clear selection criteria for them. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of core materials, and measure the bending strength of post systems made of a variety of materials. Material and Methods: The flexural strength and elastic modulus of thirteen kinds core buildup materials were measured on beams of specimens of $2.0{\times}2.0{\times}24{\pm}0.1mm$. Ten specimens per group were fabricated and loaded on an lnstron testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.25mm/min. A test span of 20 mm was used. The failure loads were recorded and flexural strength calculated with the measured dimensions. The elastic modulus was calculated from the slopes of the linear portions of the stress-stram graphs. Also nine kinds commercially available prefabricated posts made of various materials with similar nominal diameters, approximately 1.25mm, were loaded in a three-point bend test until plastic deformation or failure occurred. Ten posts per group were tested and the obtained data were anaylzed with analysis of variance and compared with the Tukey multiple comparison tests. Results: Clearfil Photo Core and Luxacore had flexural strengths approaching amalgam, but its modulus of elasticity was only about 15% of that of amalgam. The strengths of the glass ionomer and resin modified glass ionomer were very low. The heat pressed glass ceramic core had a high elastic modulus but a relatively low flexural strength approximating that of the lower strength composite resin core materials. The stainless steel, zirconia and carbon fiber post exhibited high bending strengths. The glass fiber posts displayed strengths that were approximately half of the higher strength posts. Conclusion: When moderate amounts of coronal tooth structure are to be replaced by a post and core on an anterior tooth, a prefabricated post and high strength, high elastic modulus core may be suitable. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS In this study several newly introduced post and core systems demonstrated satisfactory physical properties. However when the higher stress situation exists with only a minimal ferrule extension remaining a cast post and core or zirconia post and pressed core are desirable.