• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1041-1045
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• 2015

Background: Paget's disease (PD) is a rare form of intraepithelial adenocarcinoma that involves breast and extramammarian tissues. It is often associated with ductal carcinoma in situ and/or invasive ductal cancer. Molecular pathways that play a role in development of Paget's disease are stil unclear. Expression patterns of Cox-2 and bcl-2 were therefore assessed. Materials and Methods: Patients with a histopathological diagnosis of Paget's disease were included in this study. Patient files were analysed retrospectively. Results: Invasive cancer was diagnosed in 35 (76.1%) of the patients, 7 (15.2%) had ductal carcinoma in situ and 4 (8.7%) patients had no associated neoplasm. Twenty four (52.2%) patients showed COX-2 expression in Paget cells whereas no expression was seen in 22 (47.8%) patients. No relation was found between COX-2 expression and the lesion underlying Paget's disease (p=0.518). Bcl-2 expression in Paget cells was found positive in 12 (26.1%) and negative in 27 (58,7%) cases. There was no relation between Bcl-2 expression and the lesion accompanying Paget's disease (p=0.412). No relation was observed between COX-2 expression and Bcl-2 expression (p=0.389). Conclusions: In breast cancer, COX-2 expression is associated with poor prognostic factors. As COX-2 expression increases the tendency to metastasize also increases. In our study we found a significantly high COX-2 expression in Paget's disease of the breast. We suggest that COX-2 expression and inflammatory processes may play a role in pathogenesis of the Paget's disease of the breast.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to observe and quantify the expression of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-$\gamma$ (IFN-$\gamma$), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) in the gingival tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and healthy adults with chronic periodontitis. Methods: Twelve patients with type 2 DM and chronic periodontitis (Group 3), twelve patients with chronic periodontitis (Group 2), and twelve healthy individuals (Group 1) were included in the study. Clinical criteria of gingival (sulcus bleeding index value, probing depths) and radiographic evidences of bone resorption were divided into three groups. The concentrations of cytokines were determined by a western blot analysis and compared using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. Results: The expression levels of IFN-$\gamma$ and TIMP-2 showed an increasing tendency in Groups 2 and 3 when compared to Group 1. On the other hand, the expression of IL-4 was highest in Group 1. Conclusions: The findings suggest that IFN-$\gamma$ and TIMP-2 may be involved in the periodontal inflammation associated with type 2 DM. IL-4 may be involved in the retrogression of the periodontal inflammation associated with type 2 DM.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.383-394
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to analyze the expression types and aesthetic meanings of fashion photographs adopting parody storytelling. The expressions of parody storytelling in advertising into the following five 5 types: parody of literature, movies, TV programs, art, and social issues. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed fashion photographs adopting parody storytelling from literature, movies, TV programs, art, and social issues, in fashion magazines. The meanings of fashion photographs adopting parody storytelling are as follows: First, the photographs adopting parody storytelling create new meanings with respect to a changeable narrative by transforming the original. Second, the humor of deviation comes from fun and interest generated the play of intent transformation and reconstruction of the original. Third, the photographs adopting parody storytelling of social issues suggest current messages. There is a growing tendency toward the value and the meanings of storytelling, and the various contents that have become the motive of the parody have important meanings. In particular, the analysis of expression methods and meanings of storytelling will contribute to raising the brand image through an effective fashion photographs project strategy. A story can be used as a source of inspiration and can contribute various ideas for a fashion photo-shoot and for fashion marketing.

• BMB Reports
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.144-149
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• 1997

An expression vector was constructed containing the gene encoding diphtheria toxin A (DTA) which was placed after a T7 promoter. Cytoplasmic expression of the DTA gene resulted in the formation of an insoluble inclusion body. The inclusion body was collected after the complete lysis of the cell, and subsequent washing with 0.1% Triton X-100 released 16~30% of DTA protein from the inclusion body along with other contaminating proteins. The released DTA protein was purified by dialysis. The remaining pellet was dissolved in 8 M urea containing 5% ${\beta}-mercaptoethanol$, and the denatured DTA was renatured by the dilution-dialysis method. The total yield was 35%, and about 5 mg DTA was obtained from 1 L culture. The DTA protein has a free sulfhydryl group exposed to the protein surface, and was shown to have a tendency to dimerize through disulfide formation in the absence of ${\beta}-mercaptoethanol$. The utility of the sulfhydryl group was tested for the construction of recombinant toxins.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.44 no.4 s.140
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• pp.373-378
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• 2006

To evaluate whether iron concentration in TYM medium influence on hydrogenosomal enzyme gene expression and hydrogenosomal membrane potential of Trichomonas vaginalis, trophozoites were cultivated in iron-depleted, normal and iron-supplemented TYM media. The mRNA of hydrogenosomal enzymes, such as pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR), hydrogenase, ferredoxin and malic enzyme, was increased with iron concentrations in T. vaginalis culture media, measured by RT-PCR. Hydrogenosomal membrane potentials measured with $DiOC_6$ also showed similar tendency, e.g. T. vaginalis cultivated in iron-depleted and iron-supplemented media for 3 days showed a significantly reduced and enhanced hydrogenosomal membrane potential compared with that of normal TYM media, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that iron may regulate hydrogenosomal activity through hydrogenosomal enzyme expression and hydrogenosomal membrane potential.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.4 no.1 s.7
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• pp.28-34
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to historically examine the thoughts and ideas of geometry and to analyze the expression style of design applied to the mass communication such as magazines and world wide webs, by giving definitions on the ideas of geometry and the pattern of cognition. Geometry was evolved to Descartes's analytical geometry, projective geometry, non-Euclidean geometry and Topology at the end of 19th century. When geometry applies to design styles, it is devided into two field, plane geometry and solid geometry. The development of geometry was completed from the Pythagoras symbolic theory of number to Platonic spiritual geometry and Euclidean geometry. It can be studied that those have what kind of symbolic meanings and transformations on each hair design plan. It can also analized how those symbolic forms are appeared on the design form. This tendency means that there is always a try for the use of geometry as reasonable device for hair design. If the hair design and geometry have logical and artistical relation, we can make buildings which have a order, balance and harmony.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.147-160
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• 2007

Objectives: This study is carried out to investigate the anti-stress effects of the sihoueokgantang in rats. Methods: we performed the passive avoidance test and the forced swimming test. The degrees of TH were also measured with immunohistochemical method in the regions of VTA and LC. Results: 1. As the results of the passive avoidance test. the sihoueokgantang showed tendency to improvement in compared with control group. 2. As the results of the forced swimming test, immobility of rats was significantly decreased in sihoueokgantang in compared with control group. 3. As the results of TH expression in the region of the LC, TH-immunoreactive cells were significantly decreased in the sihoueokgantang 100 mg/kg. As the results of TH expression in the region of the VTA. TH-immunoreactive cells were significantly decreased in the sihoueokgantang 400 mg/kg. Conclusion: As the results above, it can be considered that sihoueokgantang has the effects of preventing depression and memory decrease caused by stress.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.87-93
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• 2003

DNA microarray is currently the most prominent tool for investigating large-scale gene expression data. Different algorithms for measuring gene expression levels from scanned images of microarray experiments may significantly impact the following steps of functional genomic analyses. $Affymetrix^{(R)}$ recently introduced high-density microarrays and new statistical algorithms in Microarray Suit (MAS) version 5.0$^{(R)}$. Very high correlations (0.92 - 0.97) between the new algorithms and the old algorithms (MAS 4.0) across several species and conditions were reported. We found that the column-wise array correlations had a tendency to be much higher than the row-wise gene correlations, which may be much more meaningful in the following higher-order data analyses including clustering and pattern analyses. In this paper, not only the detailed comparison of the two sets of algorithms is illustrated, but the impact of the introducing new algorithms on the further clustering analysis of microarray data and of possible pitfalls in mixing the old and the new algorithms were also described.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.627-633
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• 2006

This study examined the kinds, expression, techniques and arrangement of patterns for the traditional women's costume from 1995 to 2002 in North Korea. And the results were compared with South Korean. Conclusions are as follows : In the kinds of patterns the natural plant patterns were much more frequently used in North Korea. These tendency was same to South Korea. And the geometric patterns were more frequently used in South Korea. According to frequency in the expression of patterns, it was the realistic, geometric, stylized shape in North Korea. To the contrary it was the stylized, geometric, realistic shape in South Korea. In terms of decorative techniques, not only the traditional embroidery, gold leaf, multicolored stripes, but also modern collages, painting, beads, applique, flounce, ruffle were used in North Korea. Modern techniques were found comparatively a lot in North Korea, traditional techniques were found comparatively a lot in South Korea. In terms of arrangement of patterns, the modern arrangement was much more frequently used. And localized type of modern arrangement was found comparatively a lot in South and North Korea. Therefore traditional beauty was generally expressed by natural patterns, realistic shape and modern beauty was generally expressed by modern techniques and arrangement of patterns in North Korea.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

In the resultant period of architectural transition and a tendency towards unthinking formalism, it is all the more important for designers to question the meaning of their actions and their role in society. Modern architects were convinced that their visions were reality, their ideas truth. Yet this assumption is was the fundamental issue, for what reality and how is it perceived? Harries argues a rediscovery of a language of natural symbols, which might help create buildings that are experienced as necessary rather than arbitrary. These symbols are said to express the essential patterns of human existence in the world. In the Frank Lloyd Wright's works, the uniqueness of his architecture lies in its expression and interpretation of nature and people's existence in the world. This study is intended to be an investigation of the nature of physical expression and perception of the reality known, and to seek to present Wright's philosophy of house design in relation to nature and non-arbitrary architecture. Finally this paper concludes that the architectural expression of expressions of Wright's houses are timeless and full of lift, and these built qualities are necessary and could not readily be otherwise.