• 아동학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.31-47
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• 2002

In this study, the perceptions and responses of 136 kindergarten children from middle SES families were recorded in one-to-one interviews about the cause, reasons for expression, and responses to negative emotions. Results showed that children perceived he causes of anger and sadness as 'interpersonal events' and they perceived he cause of fear to be 'fantasy/scary events'. The children tended not to express their negative emotions because they expected negative responses from their peers and mothers, but when they did, the expressed their negative emotions to their mothers rather than to peers. Children responded to the negative emotions of their peers with 'problem-solving focused strategies', but they responded to their mothers' negative emotions with passive strategies, such as 'emotion focused response' and 'avoidance'.

• 아동학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2000

This study investigated the extent to which negative emotions were portrayed, the ways in which children communicated about negative emotions, and to whom negative emotions were attributed during pretend play. The themes in which negative emotions were embedded were examined. Thirty 4- and 5-year-olds, each paired with a self-chosen peer, were observed and videotaped during a 20-minute play session. Observations presented the following conclusions: Anger and fear were the most frequently occurring negative emotions. Children communicated about negative feelings through emotion action labels and gesture. Children attributed a large proportion of their emotional portrayals to themselves and to play objects. Expression of affective themes embedded in pretend play included anger, fear, sadness, and pain.

• 아동학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.55-68
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• 2012

The goals of this study were to examine how children's recognition of various emotions, emotion expression, and social interactions among their peers differed according to their attachment styles. A total of 65 three to five years old children completed both attachment story-stem doll plays and a standard emotion recognition task. Trained observers documented children's valence of emotion expression and social interactions among their peers in the classroom. Consistent with attachment theory, children who were categorized as secure in the doll play were more likely to express positive emotions than children who were categorized as avoidant in the doll play. Children who were categorized as avoidant in the doll play were more likely to express neutral emotions among their peers than children who were categorized as secure and anxious in the doll play. The findings of this study contribute to the general attachment literature by documenting how attachment security plays a crucial role in having positive emotions in ordinary situations. It does so by also demonstrating how different attachment styles are associated with children's qualitatively different patterns of emotion processing, especially in terms of their expression of emotions.

• 감성과학
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.93-102
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• 2023

Emojis and avatars are widely used in online communications, but their emotional conveyance lacks research. This study aims to contribute to the field of emotional expression in computer-mediated communication (CMC) by exploring the effectiveness of emotion recognition, the intensity of perceived emotions, and the perceived preferences for emojis and avatars as emotional expression tools. The following were used as stimuli: 12 photographs from the Yonsei-Face database, 12 Memojis that reflected the photographs, and 6 iOS emojis. The results of this study indicate that emojis outperformed other forms of emotional expression in terms of conveying emotions, intensity, and preference. Indeed, the study findings confirm that emojis remain the dominant form of emotional signals in CMC. In contrast, the study revealed that Memojis were inadequate as an expressive emotional cue. Participants did not perceive Memojis to effectively convey emotions compared with other forms of expression, such as emojis or real human faces. This suggests room for improvement in the design and implementation of Memojis to enhance their effectiveness in accurately conveying intended emotions. Addressing the limitations of Memojis and exploring ways to optimize their emotional expressiveness necessitate further research and development in avatar design.

• 감성과학
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 얼굴표정을 통하여 다른 사람의 정서 상태를 판단하는 능력이 연령(3세, 5세, 대학생), 성별(남, 여), 얼굴제시영역(얼굴전체, 눈), 정서의 종류(기본정서, 복합정서)에 따라 어떻게 다른지 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 얼굴표정과 정서어휘 간의 연결이 비교적 분명하게 나타나는 32개의 정서 상태를 자극으로 사용하였으며, 표정사진은 32개의 정서 상태에 해당하는 얼굴표정을 배우에게 연기하도록 하여 사용하였다. 과제는 각 실험참가자에게 정서유발 상황에 대한 이야기를 들려주고 이야기 속의 주인공이 어떤 얼굴표정을 할 것인지를 판단하게 한 후 네 개의 얼굴표정 중에 적절한 것을 선택하도록 한 것이었다. 그 결과 연령이 증가함에 따라 얼굴표정을 판단하는 능력이 증가하였으며, 눈만 제시한 경우보다는 얼굴전체를 제시하였을 때, 복합정서보다는 기본정서에서 더 좋은 수행을 보였다. 또한 여자는 제시영역에 따른 수행의 차이가 없는 것에 반해, 남자는 눈 조건에 비해 얼굴조건의 경우에 더 좋은 수행을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 연령, 얼굴제시영역, 정서의 종류가 얼굴표정을 통해 타인의 정서를 판단하는데 영향을 줌을 시사한다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1580-1587
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• 2021

Currently, the development and sale of various emoticons has given users a wider range of choices, but a systematic and specific approach to the recognition and use of emoticons by actual users is lacking. Therefore, this study tried to investigate the subjective perception and visual attention concentration of actual users on negative emotional expression emoticons through a survey and eye tracking experiment. First, as a result of subjective recognition analysis, it was found that emoticons are frequently used because their appearance is important, and they can express various emotions in a fun and interesting way. In particular, it was found that emoticons that express negative emotions are often used because they can indirectly express negative emotions through various and concretely expressed visual elements. Next, as a result of the eye tracking experiment, it was found that the negative emotional expression emoticons focused on the large elements that visually emphasized or emphasized the emotional expression elements, and it was found that the focus was not only on the facial expression but also on the physical behavioral responses and language of expression of emotions. These results will be used as basic data to understand users' perceptions and utilization of the diversified emoticons. In addition, for the long-term growth and activation of the emoticon industry market in the future, continuous research should be conducted to understand the various emotions of real users and to develop differentiated emoticons that can maximize the empathy effect appropriate to the situation.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.8-17
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• 2019

The main purpose of this study isto explore the potential of affective computing (AC) platforms in education through two phases ofresearch: Phase I - platform analysis and Phase II - classification of academic emotions. In Phase I, the results indicate that the existing affective analysis platforms can be largely classified into four types according to the emotion detecting methods: (a) facial expression-based platforms, (b) biometric-based platforms, (c) text/verbal tone-based platforms, and (c) mixed methods platforms. In Phase II, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the emotional experience that a learner encounters in online video-based learning in order to establish the basis for a new classification system of online learner's emotions. Overall, positive emotions were shown more frequently and longer than negative emotions. We categorized positive emotions into three groups based on the facial expression data: (a) confidence; (b) excitement, enjoyment, and pleasure; and (c) aspiration, enthusiasm, and expectation. The same method was used to categorize negative emotions into four groups: (a) fear and anxiety, (b) embarrassment and shame, (c) frustration and alienation, and (d) boredom. Drawn from the results, we proposed a new classification scheme that can be used to measure and analyze how learners in online learning environments experience various positive and negative emotions with the indicators of facial expressions.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.617-627
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• 2012

Objective: The aim of the study was to develop a most widely used Korean dictionary of emotion expressing idioms. This is anticipated to assist the development of software technology that recognizes and responds to verbally expressed human emotions. Method: Through rigorous and strategic classification processes, idiomatic expressions included in this dictionary have been rated in terms of nine different emotions (i.e., happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust, interest, boredom, and pain) for meaning and intensity associated with each expression. Result: The Korean dictionary of emotion expression idioms included 427 expressions, with approximately two thirds classified as 'happiness'(n=96), 'sadness'(n=96), and 'anger'(n=90) emotions. Conclusion: The significance of this study primarily rests in the development of a practical language tool that contains Korean idiomatic expressions of emotions, provision of information on meaning and strength, and identification of idioms connoting two or more emotions. Application: Study findings can be utilized in emotion recognition research, particularly in identifying primary and secondary emotions as well as understanding intensity associated with various idioms used in emotion expressions. In clinical settings, information provided from this research may also enhance helping professionals' competence in verbally communicating patients' emotional needs.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.265-277
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• 2015

This study examines child emotional intelligence in relation to mother's emotional expressiveness and reaction to child negative emotions. A sample of 352 children and mothers from 4 elementary schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi participated in the study. Child emotional intelligence and mother's reaction to child negative emotions were evaluated by child-report, and mother's emotional expressiveness was assessed by mother-report. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, two-way analysis of variances, Pearson's correlation and multiple regression analyses. The findings were as follows. First, mothers of boys showed more oversensitive-reaction to child negative emotions than mothers of girls. Mothers of 6th-graders showed more emotion-minimizin-greaction to child negative emotions than mothers of 5th-graders. Second, girls showed a higher level of overall emotional intelligence than boys. Girls showed a higher level of emotion expression and emotion regulation than boys. The 5th-graders showed higher level of emotion expression than 6th-graders; however, 6th graders showed a higher level of emotion perception than 5th-graders. Third, more emotion-coaching-reaction and less oversensitive-reaction by mothers predicted a better emotional intelligence of children. A mother's appropriate emotional socialization behaviors associated with child emotional intelligence were discussed.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.122-130
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• 2022

In modern times, text has become an image, and typography is a style that is a combination of image and text that can be easily encountered in everyday life. It is developing not only for the purpose of conveying meaningful communication, but also to bring joy and beauty to our lives as a medium with aesthetic format. This study shows through case analysis that typography is a tool for expressing human emotions, and investigates its characteristics that change along with the media. In particular, interactive communication tools and methods used by interactive typography to express viewers' emotions are described in detail. We created interactive typography using the inputted text, the selected music by the viewer and the viewer's movement. As a result of applying it to the exhibition, we could confirm that interactive typography can function as an effective communication medium that shows the utility of both the iconography of letter signs and the cognitive function when combined with the audience's intentional motion.