• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.64-72
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• 2007

토양매체중의 오염물질들은 다양한 경로를 통해 인체나 생태계에 노출되어 위해성 문제를 유발하고 있다. 토양위해성평가(Soil Risk Assessment)는 토양오염물질로 인한 악영향의 개연성을 정량적으로 평가하는 과정으로, 유해성 확인(Hazard Identification), 용량-반응평가(Dose-Response Assessment), 노출평가(Exposure Assessment), 그리고 위해도 결정(Risk Characterization)의 4가지 단계적 과정으로 이루어진다. 이중 노출평가과정에서 매우 중요하게 작용하는 노출인자(Exposure Factor)는 토양오염물질의 인체노출량을 산정하는데 필수적인 요소로, 미국, 유럽국가 등 선진국에서는 나라별 상황에 적절한 노출인자를 사용하고 있으나, 우리나라는 아직 국내에 적용하기 적합한 노출 인자에 대한 연구가 매우 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 토양오염 위해성평가를 위한 국가별 노출인자를 비교분석하고, 이를 토대로 국내상황에 적용가능한 노출인자를 제시하였다. 국가별 노출인자 연구는 미국 Environmental Protection Agency, 영국 Environmental Agency, 네덜란드 RIVM, 호주, 그리고 독일에서 적용되고 있는 노출인자값에 대해 노출인자별로 총괄적인 비교분석을 수행하였다. 또한 국가별 비교분석연구와 국내에서 제시된 노출인자 자료를 종합하여, 국내자료가 없는 경우 외국에서 보편적으로 적용하고 있는 인자값을 국내 적용 타당성을 고려하여 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 고려된 노출인자 조사항목은 평균수명, 노출기간, 노출빈도, 체중, 체표면적(또는 노출체표면적), 피부흡수계수(Skin Absorption Factor), 토양-피부간 흡착계수(Soil-Skin Adherence Factor), 음용수 섭취량, 호흡률, 토양 섭취량 그리고 농작물 섭취량 등이다. 본 연구는 오염토양의 위해성평가를 수행할 때 국내 상황을 고려한 노출평가에 필요한 기반연구가 될 것이다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.913-924
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the sensibility of body exposure in contemporary fashion. 31 kinds of costume samples have been selected from photographs in fashion magazines. Those were divided into part of exposed body, the way of exposure and kinds of exposure. I have measured them by using Semantic Differential method. The subjects were 120 male and 120 female in twenties. The obtained data were analyzed by factor analysis, ANOVA, MDS and regression analysis. The results of analysis are as follow; 1. Factor analysis has extracted four factors which consist of the sensibility of body exposure. These factors are Attraction, Activity, Boldness, Simplicity. 2. There were significant differences in design of body exposure and demographics. 3. Evaluative dimensions of the sensibility of body exposure were identified by Hard-Soft, Active-Elegant. 4. Preference was related to words which are buying desirable, attractive, simple, natural, active appealed by design of body exposure costume and buying desirable was related to words which are favorite, modest, beautiful, natural appealed by mood of exposure costume.

• Advances in materials Research
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2015

Energy absorption and exposure buildup factor have been computed for natural uranium in the energy range of 0.05-15MeV up to penetration depth of 40 mfp. Five-parameter geometric progression (G-P) fitting method has been used to compute buildup factors of uranium. The variation of energy absorption and exposure buildup factors with, penetration depth and incident photon energies for the uranium has been studied. It has been concluded that the values of energy absorption and exposure buildup factors are very large at 0.15 MeV.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2017

This study intends examine the relevance of factors with negative influences on anti-social sexual awareness formation in adolescents as per the concern of the parents of families with adolescents, as internet pornography exposure in adolescents lead to excessive indulgence in pornographic photographs, cartoons, videos, or fictions, or in video chatting with exposure of one's own body parts. For this, the factors of internet pornography exposure in the study subjects of adolescents were constructed into a multilateral model, and the structural equation model was analyzed. As the result of the study, the following conclusion were drawn. First, the most powerful factor influencing the anti-social sexual awareness in adolescents was, contrary to the concern of many, not the exposure to pornography through internet media, but personal characteristics such as sensation-seeking tendency and socio-environmental characteristic of differential association. Second, it is worth noting that the most major factor influencing intentional internet pornography exposure by adolescents is another form of pornography exposure. Third, whether intentional or unintentional, the internet-related variable influencing the internet pornography exposure was found to be the amount of internet usage. Fourth, the unintended internet pornography exposure was found to have no direct influence on the sexual awareness of adolescents, but it did have an indirect influence on sexual awareness mediated by intentional internet pornography exposure and existing-media pornography exposure. Based on these study results, the conclusion was drawn regarding the influence of internet pornography on sexual awareness in adolescents.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.266-271
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• 2022

Background: The selection of distributions of input parameters is an important component in probabilistic exposure assessment. Goodness-of-fit (GOF) methods are used to determine the distribution of exposure factors. However, there are no clear guidelines for choosing an appropriate GOF method. Objectives: The outcomes of probabilistic consumer exposure assessment were compared by using five different GOF methods for the selection of input distributions: chi-squared test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S), Anderson-Darling test (A-D), Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Methods: Individual exposures were estimated based on product usage factor combinations from 10,000 respondents. The distribution of individual exposure was considered as the true value of population exposures. Results: Among the five GOF methods, probabilistic exposure distributions using the A-D and K-S methods were similar to individual exposure estimations. Comparing the 95th percentiles of the probabilistic distributions and the individual estimations for 10 CPs, there were 0.73 to 1.92 times differences for the A-D method, and 0.73 to 1.60 times differences (excluding tire-shine spray) for the K-S method. Conclusions: There were significant differences in exposure assessment results among the selection of the GOF methods. Therefore, the GOF methods for probabilistic consumer exposure assessment should be carefully selected.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.195-205
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• 2022

Background: The biggest concern when using household chemical products is the health risk from inhalation exposure. Objectives: The purpose of this paper was to provide information necessary for estimating inhalation exposure factors in several countries/organizations and to present some examples. Methods: We attempted to use PRISMA-ScR for a systematic review, but no major reports were found. We used the Google search function instead to find 'exposure factor handbook'. As for the results, inhalation exposure factors from South Korea, the United States, Canada, the EU, Australia, Japan, and China were compared. Results: The basic concept and origin of exposure factors was the US Environmental Protection Agency's Exposure Factor Handbook. Its latest version is 2011, but several chapters have been updated in 2017, 2018, and 2019. South Korea's Exposure Factor Handbook was updated in 2019, more recently than those of other countries, and was systematically investigated. In South Korea, the average daily respiratory rate is 14.62 m³/day for adults and 12.73 m³/day for children. It is difficult to compare breathing rate by country because each country divides age groups differently and uses different methods to estimate it. Information on household chemical products, space used, and ventilation rate are in the exposure factor handbook in some countries and not in others. It is not in the handbook in South Korea, but in the notice from the NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research), a sub-regulation of the Chemical Product Safety Act. Conclusions: The exposure factors registered in South Korea's exposure factor handbook have been systematically studied and reflect the most recent data. When using data not in the relevant handbook, data from other countries might be applied, but it should be determined whether the nature and quality of the original data have been managed.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.353-360
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• 2020

본 연구는 CBCT 장비의 표준 노출 조건(80 kV, 7 mA)을 기준으로 관전압과 관전류를 낮추어 촬영하면서 표준 노출 조건의 물리적 화질 요소값을 유지할 수 있는 노출 조건의 제시를 목표로 두고자한다. 영상의 물리적 화질 요소값의 측정을 위해 변조전달함수(MTF)가 분석되었고 선량 측정을 위해 선량-면적 곱(DAP)을 이용하였다. 관전압(80, 78, 76 kV)과 관전류(7, 6, 5, 4, 3 mA)의 15가지 조합의 노출 조건에서 Sedent ex IQ 팬텀 (Leeds Test Objects Ltd., Boroughbridge, UK)의 CBCT 영상을 얻었고 MTF 10이 각 조건에서 계산 되었다. 표준 노출 조건과 비교시 80 kV-6 mA, 80 kV-5 mA 노출 조건은 MTF 10에 있어 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았기에 본 연구에서 사용된 CBCT 장비의 경우, 80 kV-5 mA로 낮춘 노출 조건에서 물리적 화질요소값을 유지하면서 선량을 감소시킬 수 있는 것으로 판단되어진다.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.86-93
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• 2017

Purpose In this study, radiation workers who work in nuclear medicine department were analyzed to find the cause of differences of radiation exposure from General Characteristic, Knowledge, Recognition and Conduct, especially females working on nuclear medicine radiation, in order to pave the way for positive defense against radiation exposure. Materials and Methods The subjects were 106 radiation workers who were divided into two groups of sixty-four males and forty-two females answered questions about their General Characteristic, Knowledge, Recognition, Conduct, and radiation exposure dose which was measured by TLD (Thermo Luminescence Dosimeter). Results The results of the analysis revealed that as the higher score of knowledge and conduct was shown, the radiation exposure decreased in female groups, and as the higher score of conduct was shown, the radiation exposure decreased in male groups. In the correlation analysis of female groups, the non-experienced in pregnancy showed decreasing amount of radiation exposure as the score of knowledge and conduct was higher and the experienced in pregnancy showed decreasing amount of radiation exposure as the score of recognition and conduct was higher. In the regression analysis on related factors of radiation exposure dose of nuclear medicine radiation workers, the gender caused the meaningful result and the amount of radiation exposure of female groups compared to male groups. In the regression analysis on related factors of radiation exposure dose of female groups, the factor of conduct showed a meaningful result and the amount of radiation exposure of the experienced in pregnancy was lower compared to the non-experienced. Conclusion The conclusion of this study revealed that radiation exposure of female groups was lower than that of male groups. Therefore, male groups need to more actively defend themselves against radiation exposure. Among the female groups, the experienced in pregnancy who have an active defense tendency showed a lower radiation exposure. Thus, those who have never been pregnant need to have a more active defensive conduct for the future possibility of pregnancy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권17호
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• pp.7407-7411
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• 2014

The incidence of urban female breast cancer has been continuously increasing over the past decade with unknown etiology. One hypothesis for this increase is carcinogen exposure from tobacco. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the risk of urban female breast cancer from tobacco smoke exposure. The matched case control study was conducted among Thai females, aged 17-76 years and living in Bangkok or its surrounding areas. A total of 444 pairs of cases and controls were recruited from the Thai National Cancer Institute. Cases were newly diagnosed and histologically confirmed as breast cancer while controls were selected from healthy women who visited a patient, matched by age ${\pm}5$ years. After obtaining informed consent, tobacco smoke exposure data and information on other potential risk factors were collected by interview. The analysis was performed by conditional logistic regression, and presented with odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals(CI). From all subjects, 3.8% of cases and 3.4% of controls were active smokers while 11.0% of cases and 6.1% of controls were passive smokers. The highest to lowest sources of passive tobacco smoke were from spouses (40.8%), the workplace (36.8%) and public areas (26.3%), respectively. After adjusting for other potential risk factors or confounders, females with frequent low-dose passive smoke exposure (${\leq}7$ hours per week) from a spouse or workplace had adjusted odds ratio 3.77 (95%CI=1.11-12.82) and 4.02 (95%CI=1.04-15.50) higher risk of breast cancer compared with non-smokers, respectively. However, this study did not find any association of breast cancer risk in high dose passive tobacco smoke exposure, or a dose response relationship in cumulative passive tobacco smoke exposure per week, or in the active smoker group. In conclusion, passive smoke exposure may be one important risk factor of urban female breast cancer, particularly, from a spouse or workplace. This risk factor highlights the importance of avoiding tobacco smoke exposure as a key measure for breast cancer prevention and control.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.78-84
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• 1997

The specific purpose of this study is to develop the numerical guide for the cost-benefit analysis of ORE ($/person-Sv reduction) to meet the criterion of ALARA in the design stage of the KNGR. In deriving the guide, the risk factor which is defined by the risk to unit collective radiation exposure dose (deaths/person-Sv) and the monetary value of human life ($/death) are required. The risk factor has been estimated from various clinical data accumulated for a number of years and continuously modified. And the monetary value of human life is usually quantified using the human capital approach. In this study, the risk to radiation exposure perceived by a group of people is investigated through an extensive poll survey conducted among university students in order to modify the existing risk factor for radiation exposure. And in evaluating the monetary value of human life, the QOL factor is introduced in order to incorporate the degree of public welfare or quality of life. As a result of study, a value within the range of 151, 000~172, 000 dollars per person-Sv reduction is recommended as the appropriate interim numerical guide for cost-benefit analysis of ORE to meet the criterion of ALARA in the design stage of the KNGR. A poll survey was also conducted in order to see whether the public acceptance cost of nuclear power should be incorporated in developing the guide, and the result of study shooed that such a cost does not need to be considered.