• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.252-265
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate effect of dietary fibers in rice and barley on glucose, lipid and cadmium (Cd) metabolism in the rat. Fifty-six male Spague-Dawley rats weighing 244.6$\pm$2.7g were blocked into eight groups according to body weight and raised for four weeks with diets containing 0 or 0.04%(w/w) CdCl2 and four different carbohydrate sources, starch, rice flour, barley flour and mixture of rice and barley flour(7 : 3, w/w). Total dietary fibers and $\beta$-glucan contents of barley were about three times higher than those of rice (10.75% vs. 3.94%, 3.11% vs. 1.06%, respectively). Food intake, weight gain, food efficiency ratio, liver and kidney weights were lower in Cd exposed groups, and barley group among Cd exposed animals showed highest weight gain, food efficiency ratio and organ weights. Fasting serum glucose levels were not significantly different among groups, Serum cholesterol level was lowest in Cd exposed barley group. Serum HDL-cholesterol level was higher in none-Cd exposed starch and barley groups, and HDL-cholesterol : total cholesterol ratios were higher in none-Cd rice and mixed flour groups than other groups. Liver total lipid and triglyceride levels were lowest in barley groups regardless of Cd administration. Fecal total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride excretions were high in barley and mixed flour groups. Liver Cd concentrations were low in Cd exposed barley and mixed flour groups. In Cd exposed barley group, fecal weight and Cd excretion were highest and Cd retention ratio was lowest among groups. Small intestine metallothionein(MT) concentration was highest in Cd exposed rice group, and kidney MT concentration was highest in Cd exposed barley group. In conclusion, cereals showed different effects on lipid and Cd metabolism that might be mediated by dietary fibers in cereals. Especially $\beta$-glucan-rich barley group showed greatest lipid and Cd lowering effects by increasing fecal lipids and Cd excretions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.89-89
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• 2010

The atomic structure of Sb/Si(5 5 12)-$2{\times}1$ surface, deposited at room temperature (RT) and post-annealed, has been identified by scanning tunneling microscopy and the corresponding interface has been studied by synchrotron core-level photoemission spectroscopy. With 0.3-nm Sb deposition at RT and postannealing at $600^{\circ}C$, the surface has been facetted to (225)-$2{\times}1$ and (112)-$1{\times}1$, and its Si 2p has shown that all the Si 2p surface components have disappeared, while the single Sb-Si interfacial component has appeared. Such results indicate that all of surface Si atoms are replaced by Sb atoms and the charge is transferred from Si to passivating Sb-atoms at the top layer. With subsequent postannealing up to $700^{\circ}C$, the surface has been facetted to (113)-$2{\times}2$ and (335)-$4{\times}2$, still having Sb-Si interfacial component and partially re-exposed Si surface components. From the present study, the role of surfactant atom, Sb, as well as the thermal-stabilization of Sb-passivated high-index Si surface will be exposed. Especially, the key role of the Sb/Si(113)-$2{\times}2$, composed of Rebonded-Dimer-Rebonded atom 1D structures, for stabilization will be discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 1992

When exposed to 1, 700 ml of 0.089, 0.445 or 0.890 mM/l cadmius solution, dock (rumex crispus L)plants from heavily polluted chungrangchon site absorbed 0.0404, 0.2244 or 0.4929 mM of cadmium per g dw during the first 4 hours, which were 5.0~30.8 times faster uptake rate than those of water hyacinth (eichhornia crassipes Solm. - laub). Zinc, with which cadmium generally occurs together, did not affect the uptake rate in the concentration range of 0.0306 ~0.0918 mM/l. rumex cripus from chungrangchon site and from less polluted shingalchon site, when exposed to 1, 700 ml of 0.089 mM/l solution for 3 days, removed 68.4% and 63.2%, repectively, of the cadmium initially present in the solution. And when exposed to cadmium solution of the same concentration for the second time after cadmium-free hydroponic culture for three days, these plants removed 76.1% and 66.8% of cadmium, respectively. These removal rates were not significantly different between collection sites or between exposures, but were about 2 times greater for the first exposure, and 2~5 times greater for the second exposure, than those of water hyacinth. these results incate that rumex cripus can absorb, and thus remove, large amount of cadmium ion in wastewater, and so can be used in wastewater treatment, e.g. soil trench method. since there was large difference among the plants in the ability to absorb cadmium, it should be possible to select for strain with greater ability.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.78-78
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• 2003

Embryonic stem (ES) cells, derived from preimplantation embryo, are able to differentiate into various types of cells consisting the whole body, or pluripotency. In contrast, terminally differentiated cells do not usually alter their nature but frequently die or transform if they are exposed to inappropriate external stimulations. In addition to the plasticity, ES cells are expected to be different from terminally differentiated cells in very many ways, such as patterns of gene expressions, ability and response of the cells in confronting environmental stimulations, metabolism, and growth rate. As a model system to differentiate these two types of cells, human ES cells (MB03) and terminally differentiated cells (HeLa), we examined the ability of these two types of cells in confronting a severe oxidative insult, that is $H_2O$$_2$. Approximately 1$\times$10$^4$ cells were plated in 96 well plate and serum starved for overnight. The conditioned cells were exposed to a various concentration of $H_2O$$_2$ fur 24 hrs and loaded with neutral red (50$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) for 4 hrs, washed with PBS for 2 min three times, and entrapped dye was dissolved out using acetic ethanol. Cytotoxicity was determined by reading the amount of dye in the medium using microplate reader. equipped with 575 nm filter. Relative amount of the dye entrapped within MB03 or HeLa were not significantly different when cells were exposed up to 0.4 mM $H_2O$$_2$. However, this sharply decreased down to 0.12% in HeLa cells when the cells were exposed to 0.8 mM $H_2O$$_2$, while it was approximately 54% in MB03 suggesting that this concentration of $H_2O$$_2$ is the defensive threshold for HeLa cells. The resistance to oxidative stimulation reversed, however, when cells were co-treated with BSO (L-buthionine- 〔S, R〕-sulfoximine) which chelates intracellular GSH. This result suggests that cellular GSH is the major defensive mechanism of human ES cells. Induction of enzymes involved in GSH metabolism and type of cell death is currently being studied.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.13 no.6 s.58
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• pp.126-134
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• 2009

Generally, reinforced concrete structures exposed to the outside temperature are affected by freezing and thawing process during winter and early spring. These freeze-thawing process can lead to the reduction in durability of concrete as cracking or surface spalling. This paper is to study the flexural behavior of RC beams exposed to freeze-thawing environments. To compare the difference in flexural behavior of RC Beams, limited tests were conducted under different types of Longitudinal steel ratio and freeze-thawing cycles. For this purpose, fourteen small-scale RC beams ($100mm{\times} 100mm {\times}600mm$) were strengthened in monotonic and cyclic loadings, subjected to up to 150, 300 cycles freeze-thawing from $-18{\sim}4^{\circ}C$. It is thought that experimental results will be used as basic data to evaluate flexural behavior of RC beams exposed to freeze-thawing.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.125-128
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• 1984

The management of the exposed cardiac pacemaker or its lead is a new challenge to the plastic surgeon. This complication is not rare. Coburn et al. [1972] reported less than 5 percent, but Sowton et al. [1974] showed that over a period of 19 years, in a series of 372 patients, the pacing system had to be removed because of local wound breakdown or infection in 10 percent of the cases. The methods used to treat exposure may vary from removal and re-introduction at anterior site to the rotation of local flaps to cover the exposed pacemaker. Recently we have experienced 6 times of migration and recurrent skin ulcerations without pyogenic infection overlying the pacemaker in one patient. We developed a new technique, anchoring the pacemaker to the clavicle by a wire through the hole of clavicle and by creating a pocket under the pectoralis major muscle. Then we would like to emphasize this operating method could be choice of treatment to prevent the migration of pacemaker and the ulceration of skin when complication of implantation of pacemaker is occurred.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.51-56
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• 2003

All the outdoor and indoor spaces are connected with each other. The human being moves toward those spaces with temperature fluctuation between the natural and artificial temperature. We conducted an experiment which subjects were wearing the data logger in urban life, and measured 24 hours' exposed temperature and thermal comfort in summer. Results were as follows. 1. Subjects controls their micro climate like this. Most of them(84.6%) get weather information. Fashion(46.2%) and weather(30.8%) are the reasons to select clothes. They spend their time in indoor environment for 84.92% hours of a day and have an air-conditioner(61.5%) in their houses. 2. Temperature fluctuation which subjects were exposed for 24 hours were from 15.6$^{\circ}C$ to 33.8$^{\circ}C$ and average fluctuation was 9.02$^{\circ}C$. The median value of experienced temperature were 26-26.5$^{\circ}C$ and average temperature was 26.18$^{\circ}C$. They experienced cold shock of 3.96 times in a day.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cause of discomfort come from wearing of soft contact lens(SCL) exposed to fundamental cosmetics, After SCLs were smeared with skin lotion, essence lotion or nutritional cream, they were exposed to artificial tear for 7 days, and then changes of the adhered protein amount, the transmission of visible light, the wettability and the base curve were estimated. The amount of protein adhered to SCLs were increased 3 times by being exposed to fundamental cosmetics. Moreover, the transmission of visible light of SCL exposed to both nutritional cream and artificial tear was 92.8%, which was 4.7% lower than SCL exposed only to artificial tear. By being exposed to skin lotion, essence lotion or nutritional cream, the contact angle of SCLs were increased up to $7.1^{\circ}$, $7.0^{\circ}$ or $5.7^{\circ}$ and the base curve of SCLs were decreased to 3.2%, 5.1% or 8.3%, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.6-11
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• 2002

3.3'-Dichlorobenzidine(DCB) has be shown carcinogenic in several animals, and the development of non-invasive biomonitoring method in workers exposed with it is a very important subject. DNA adduct is a good biomarker for biomonitoring about carcinogens exposure, and lymphocytes is a good non-invasive samples. So we studied to analyze metabolites in blood lymphocytes of female Sprague-Dawley rats exposed orally with DCB(20, 30, and 40 mg/kg wt.) for 3 weeks. For analysis of them, we isolated DNA adducts from blood lymphocytes by using the enzymes method in /sup 32/P-postlabeling, and measured them by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring(GC/MS-SIM). 4-aminobiphenyl and phenanthrene-d/sub 10/ were added as internal standard for blank sample. Standard metabolites of DCB were synthesized with using pyridine and acetic acid which were promoter and controller in acetylation of DCB. And they were used for calibration curve. Our results showed two kinds of metabolites in DNA adducts of blood lymphocytes. They were N-acetyl 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine(acDCB) and N,N'-diacetyl 3,3'-dichiorobenzidine(di-acDCB ). They were combined with DNA at the same time as an acetyl of it was removed. So we measured DCB and acDCB for two kinds of metabolites in DNA adducts of blood lymphocytes. Our results showed the levels of DCB were 1.46∼2.26 times more than that of acDCB. And also the levels of metabolites in 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg wt. were gradually increased with going days from 1st to 3rd week. They are 1.66, 1.38 and 0.90 times in total metabolites, 1.76, 1.49 and 1.02 times in DCB, and 1.51, 1.22 and 1.28 times in acDCB. In conclusion, the results of this study showed DCB exposed to rats formed DNA adduct in blood lymphocytes after acetylated to N-acetyl 3.3'-dichloro benzidine(acDCB) and N,N'-diacetyl 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine(di-acDCB), and they could be analyzed by us ing gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring(GC/MS-SIM).

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.431-441
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• 2006

This study investigated the physiological characteristics of biofilm microorganisms formed onto the different drinking water distribution pipe surfaces. The simulated drinking water distribution pipe system which had several PVC, STS 304, and GS coupons was operated at flow velocity of 0.08 m/sec (Re 1,950) and 0.28 m/sec (Re 7,300), respectively. At velocity of 0.08 m/sec, the number of viable heterotrophic bacteria in the biofilm over the 3 months of operation averaged $3.3{\times}10^4$, $8.7{\times}10^4$, and $7.2{\times}10^3CFU/cm^2$ for PVC, STS, and GS surfaces, respectively. The number of attached heterotrophic bacteria averaged $1.4{\times}10^3$, $5.6{\times}10^2$, and $6.5{\times}10^2CFU/cm^2$ on PVC, STS, and GS surfaces at the system with relatively high flow velocity of 0.28m/sec. The changes of physiological profile of biofilm-forming microorganisms were characterized by community-level assay that utilized the Biolog GN microplates. Biofilms that formed on different pipe surfaces displayed distinctive patterns of community-level physiological profile (CLPP), which reflected the metabolic preference for different carbon sources and/or the utilization of these carbon sources to varying degrees. The CLPP patterns have shown that the metabolic potential of a biofilm community was different depending on the pipe material. The effect of the pipe material was also characterized differently by operation condition such as flow rate. At flow velocity of 0.08 m/sec, the metabolic potential of biofilm microorganisms on GS surface showed lower levels than PVC and STS biofilms. For biofilms on pipe material surfaces exposed to water flowing at 0.28 m/sec, the metabolic potential was in order of PVC>GS>STS. Generally, the levels of the bacterial biofilm's metabolic potentials were shown to be notably higher on pipe surfaces exposed to water at 0.08 m/sec when compared to those on pipe surfaces exposed to water at 0.28 m/sec.