• 한국위험물학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.62-67
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• 2018

It is very important to classify explosion hazardous area in order to prevent an accident explosion. In order to prevent such a explosion, the Industrial Safety and Health Standards Rules stipulates the establishment and management of explosion hazards in accordance with the criteria set by the Korean Industrial Standards. This study has investigated the range of the explosion hazardous area according to various hole sizes, pressures, vapor densities, and wind velocities in the outdoor flammable liquid tank using KS C IEC-60079-10-1 $2^{nd}$ Ed.(=IEC CODE) and PHAST. The results show that the explosion hazardous areas by IEC CODE have circle shapes. However, the areas by PHAST show ellipse shapes. The different of the explosion hazardous areas increases with the increase of wind velocity.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2018

The occupational safety and health act defines how to evaluate the explosion hazardous areas according to KS (Korean Industrial Standards). Current KS have to follow IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 60079-10-1 1st edition and there has been no change since 2008. And its 2nd edition has been revised in 2015. In this study, IEC 1st Ed. (IEC 60079-10-1 1st edition) is compared with IEC 2nd edition. Total 112 case studies including four materials (methane, propane, benzene, methanol) are selected to test and explosion hazardous ranges evaluated by IEC 1st and 2nd Ed. are analyzed according to various leakage pressures and hole sizes. In order to verify the results calculated by them, PHAST, which is one of the most representative consequence analysis programs, is employed. As a result, it can be concluded that there are many differences between IEC 1st and 2nd Ed. due to the discharge and the ventilation parameters. As comparing with PHAST, it is confirmed that IEC 1st provides more conservative values than PHAST. Even if IEC 2nd Ed. provides more conservative for gases, this fails to provide more conservative values for liquids. Therefore, it is worth to note that a large value between the explosion hazardous ranges value calculated by the IEC 1st Ed. and 2nd Ed. should be selected until further investigation and analysis is made. Morevover, the full consideration for IEC 2nd Ed. have to be needed.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.599-606
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• 2019

위험물질에 의한 제조물을 취급하는 설비와 시설은 대부분 고온, 고압으로 공정을 운전을 한다. 이로 인해 화재폭발로 인한 위험성이 증대되고 있다. 특히, 폭발 사고는 석유 화학 가스설비 등 위험물 시설의 가장 주된 위험요인으로 작용하고 있으며, 그 중, 프로필렌은 석유화학 플랜트의 기초 원료 및 첨가 중합반응에 의한 합성물질을 제조하는 현장에서 많이 사용되고 있다. 산소농도의 변화에 대한 폭발범위를 구함으로써 프로필렌을 사용하는 사업장에서 발생 될 수 있는 폭발을 예방하기 위하여 불활성 가스인 $CO_2$를 이용하여 온도와 압력의 변화에 따라 산소농도의 변화에 대한 폭발범위를 구하였다. 온도는 $25^{\circ}C$, $100^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$로 변화시켜 측정하였으며, 용기 내 압력을 $1.0kgf/cm^2.G$, $1.5kgf/cm^2.G$, $2.0kgf/cm^2.G$, $2.5kgf/cm^2.G$로 $CO_2$를 가압시켜 측정하였다. 폭발한계는 온도, 압력 및 산소농도와 관계가 있으며, 온도와 압력이 높아질수록 최소산소농도는 낮아지고, 산소농도가 낮아질수록 폭발범위는 좁아졌다. 또한, 최소산소농도 이하의 농도에서는 프로필렌의 증기와 점화원이 존재하여도 폭발이 발생하지 않는 것을 알 수 있다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2019

Safety of hydrogen handling facilities is needed as supply of hydrogen cars has been expanded recently. In this study, the adequacy of safety regulations of hydrogen handling facilities and the risk of damage with hydrogen leakage were studied. The range of explosion hazard location of the hydrogen filling plant was investigated using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, Explosive hazardous area is influenced by leakage type, hole size and sectional area. When the conditions of KS standard are applied, range explosive hazardous area is expanded 7.05 m, maximum. It is about 7 times larger than exceptional standard of hydrogen station. Meanwhile, distance from leakage point to 25% LEL of hydrogen is investigated 1.6 m. Considering the shape of charging hose, regulation of hydrogen station is appropriate.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.346-357
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to suggest improvement plans for prevention regulations by reflecting the toxicity, fire and explosion effects of hazardous materials factories and surrounding areas using an off-site consequence assessment program. Regarding the effects of the hydrogen cyanide leak accident, which is the 1st petroleum of the 4th class flammable liquid, Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) program was used to compare and analyze the extent of damage effects for toxicity, overpressure, and radiation. As a result, the toxicity was analyzed to exceed 5km in the area with Acute exposure guideline level (AEGL)-2 concentration or higher, the overpressure was 103m in the range of 1 psi or more, and the radiant heat was analyzed to be 724m in the range of 2kw/m² or more. Toxicity and radiation affected the area outside the hazardous material storage area, but the overpressure was limited to the inside of the hazardous material storage area. Therefore, we propose to improve the safety management of hazardous materials by conducting a risk assessment for hazardous materials and reflecting the results in internal and external emergency response plans to prepare prevention regulations.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2018

In many companies handling flammable liquids, explosion-proof electrical equipment have been installed according to the Korean Industrial Standards (KS C IEC 60079-10-1). In these standards, hazardous area for explosive gas atmospheres has to be classified by the evaluation of the evaporation rate of flammable liquid leakage. The evaporation rate is an important factor to determine the zones classification and hazardous area distance. However, there is no systematic method or rule for the estimation of evaporation rate in these standards and the first principle equations of a evaporation rate are very difficult. Thus, it is really hard for industrial workplaces to employ these equations. Thus, this problem can trigger inaccurate results for evaluating evaporation range. In this study, empirical models for estimating an evaporation rate of flammable liquid have been developed to tackle this problem. Throughout the sensitivity analysis of the first principle equations, it can be found that main factors for the evaporation rate are wind speed and temperature and empirical models have to be nonlinear. Polynomial regression is employed to build empirical models. Methanol, benzene, para-xylene and toluene are selected as case studies to verify the accuracy of empirical models.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the impact range of explosion damage due to gas leaks at LPG filling stations, focusing on propane and butane, which are components of vehicle LPG. The scenarios were designed based on the explosion incident at an LPG filling station in Gangwon-do, where an actual gas leak accident occurred, resulting in Scenario I and Scenario II. The ALOHA program, developed by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), was used as the tool to analyze the impact range of the explosion damage for both substances. The results of the study indicated that, under identical conditions, propane had a wider impact range of damage than butane. This is presumed to be due to the greater explosion energy of propane, attributable to its physicochemical properties. Therefore, when preparing for LPG leak accidents, measures for propane need to be prioritized. As safety measures for propane, two suggestions were made to minimize human casualties. First, from a preventive perspective, it is suggested to educate workers about propane. Second, from the perspective of response measures and damage minimization, it is suggested to thoroughly prepare emergency evacuation and rescue plans, evacuation routes, designated shelters, and emergency response teams. This study compares and analyzes the impact range of radiative heat damage based on LPG components. However, hazardous accidents are critically influenced by the type of leaking substance, the form of the leak, and meteorological factors affecting the diffusion pattern of the substance. Therefore, for future research, it is proposed to model various leakage scenarios for the same substance to conduct a comprehensive risk assessment.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2018

현재 KS Code 등 국내규정에서는 폭발위험장소의 범위를 계산하는 방법이 명확하게 나타나지 않아, 정확한 범위 선정을 위해서는 확산 모델링 해석을 이용하여야 한다. 본 연구애서는 대표적인 물질과 운전조건을 활용하여 확산 모델링에 비하여 간편하면서도 비교적 합리적인 폭발위험장소의 범위를 산정하는 방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 현재 시행되고 있는 국내외 표준을 바탕으로 폭발하한계(LFL, Lower Flammable Limit)까지 거리에 영향을 미치는 변수를 선정하였다. 총 16종의 인화성물질을 대상으로 물질변수, 운전변수, 기상조건에 대하여 모델링을 진행하였으며, 통계분석을 통해 영향을 미치는 변수를 선별하였다. 선별된 변수를 이용하여 폭발위험장소의 범위 선정을 위한 3단계 분류화 방법(3Step Classification Method)을 작성하였다.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.27-31
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• 2018

폭발위험장소의 구분은 인화성 물질을 취급하는 사업장에서 비용 및 안전 측면에서 매우 중요하다. 위험장소의 반경에 따라 전기기계 기구의 방폭기기 설치 여부가 결정되기 때문이다. 2017년 11월 6일부터 KS C IEC-60079-10-1:2015가 발행되어 새로운 기준으로 적용된다. 기존의 기준과 새로운 기준에 대한 차이를 이해하여 적용하는 것이 중요한 시점이다. 누출량 계산식에 누출계수 및 압축인자가 추가되었고 증발 풀 누출량 계산식, 누출공 크기 적용, 폭발위험장소의 모양이 추가 적용되었다. 안전계수 K값의 범위도 변경되었다. 또한 위험장소의 반경에는 기존기준은 가상체적에 환기횟수를 적용하였지만 개정기준은 누출 특성 값을 이용하여 산정된다. 본 연구에서는 환기 및 희석의 관점에서 기존 기준과의 차이점을 살펴보고 위험장소의 반경에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 기존 폭발위험장소를 선정한 기준과 개정기준을 기준으로 적용하여 비교 및 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 환기 및 희석이 잘 된다하더라도 실질적으로 위험반경에 영향이 없을 경우가 발생함을 알 수 있었다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.825-833
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 LNG 공급계통시스템의 재기화 공정에서 배관 손상으로 인한 누출사고 발생시 LNG 성분 및 누출공의 크기에 따른 연소특성에 대한 피해범위를 산출하고, 피해영향을 해석하였다. LNG 성분에 따른 연소특성을 확인하기 위하여 7곳의 LNG 산지별 위험도를 확인한 결과 산지별 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, LNG 구성성분 중 메탄의 함유량이 많을수록 플래시화재 발생범위 및 증기운 폭발에 의한 과압이 발생하는 위험범위 그리고 제트화재 발생에 의한 열 복사량 피해영향이 다른 산지에 비해 비교적 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 배관 누출공의 크기에 따라 누설, 파공, 파괴 3단계에 나누어 위험 범위 및 폭발에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구를 수행하였으며, 플래시화재로 인한 피해영향범위를 계산하고, 이에 따라 LNG 누출시 화재가능 위험범위를 확인했으며, 과압의 영향 및 복사열로 부터의 피해범위를 예측할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 LNG 조성 및 배관 누출공의 크기가 화재 및 폭발에 미치는 영향을 예측할 수 있었다.