• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.545-549
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• 1998

This study was carried out to improve the storage stability of export peeled-chestnuts using electrolyzed acid-water, because ice-cold tap water generally used to store export peeled-chestnuts grew turbid during the cold chain, decreasing the quality. The changes of pH and turbidity in the electrolyzed water used for storing peeled-chestnuts were investigated. The pH value rapidly changed when stored at $30^{\circ}C$, whereas it very slowly changed at $4^{\circ}C$. This was especially evident by the change in pH from 2.5 to 3.4 of the electrolyzed acid-water after 8 days. In the case of turbidity, closely correlated with the pH change, the electrolyzed water used for storing peeled-chestnuts was very turbid when stored at $30^{\circ}C$, but it was not even until 14 days at $4^{\circ}C$, as evident by the absorbance $(OD_{660})$ of electrolyzed acid-water at pH 2.5 and $4^{\circ}C$ being only 0.01 after 14 days and 0.11 after 35 days. Sensory evaluation, tested by expert panel, of the chestnuts stored in electrolyzed water was not significantly different compared to the control.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.134-143
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• 2019

Purpose: This methodological study was conducted to test the reliability and validity of an instrument that measures attitudes of advance directives (ADs) among nurses. Methods: 1) Sixteen items related to attitudes in the English version of the Knowledge, Attitudinal, and Experiential Survey on Advance Directives (KAESAD) were forward/backward translated into Korean. 2) The content was validated by an expert panel (three nursing professors and eight hospice nursing specialists). 3) The preliminary 12 items were selected as a tool to assess the Korean version of Nurses' Attitudes towards Advance Directives (NAAD-K). 4) The instrument was validated by a survey (n=216). 5) It was confirmed to use the 12 items for the final version of the instrument. Results: NAAD-K was shown to be valid in terms of factors, items and content. The three factors extracted from the factor analysis were named as follows: Caring for patients with an AD (factor 1), nurses' role in informing patients (factor 2) and patient right (factor 3). The three factors explained total variance 57.796%. Factor loadings of the 12 items ranged from 0.47 to 0.93. For the 12 items, Cronbach's alpha was 0.81, and Guttman split-half coefficient was 0.78. Conclusion: This instrument was identified to be applicable with satisfactory reliability and validity for further use in measuring nurses' attitudes towards ADs in hospice and palliative care.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2022

Purpose: The study aims to identify the theme list and priority criteria of patient safety theme reports in South Korea. Methods: The survey was conducted twice, and the importance of each criterion and theme was measured on a nine-point scale using the Delphi technique by a panel of 19 patient safety experts. The criteria included severity, universality, preventability, and organizational-social impact. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, median, and interval quartile range were used to analyze the data. Results: The parameters were assigned a weighted average of 35% for severity, 20% for universality, 30% for preventability, and 15% for organizational-social impact, respectively. The final top three rankings were surgery safety, blood transfusion safety, and medication safety. In addition to expert opinion, for the theme that is selected based on the priority ranking, one to five sub-topics can be derived from the theme based on the priority ranking, societal demands, or the yearly priority list of patient safety incidents. Conclusion: It is recommended that the official patient safety center distribute the report in the form of a summary that can be utilized nationwide at medical institutions, government institutions, and other places. Updates, as well as accumulated theme reports, will serve as the baseline data for the proposal of the system and for the policy designed to implement and improve institutions' safety practices as a standard of domestic patient safety practice guidelines.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2022

This study uses the bidet 4D double diamond design process model to propose an improvement for "senior-oriented bidet product service design" that reflects the characteristics and needs of seniors. This study was based on the product service system concept. To this end, qualitative research on seniors was conducted to derive user value factors, and, based on this, product service ideas were discovered, and a prototype reflecting the usefulness review of a working-level expert group was proposed. First, a "smart application service for user-customized function setting guide" was proposed. A bidet incorporating Internet of Things technology and a smart phone are linked to provide an app service that automatically interprets user characteristic information and information on bidet products to guide customized functions. Second, a control panel and remote control user interface to "user-oriented product service interface" was proposed. In consideration of the usability and cognitive ability of seniors, a simple and intuitive physical user interface such as a configuration centered on main functions, button arrangement according to task sequence, and a touch screen remote control was presented. Third, we proposed a "bidet care service linked with products and health/hygiene care" that provides a wide range of services such as user health and hygiene, cleanliness, entertainment, etc., in addition to regular bidet product service. This study proposed a product-based service design methodology that can improve user experience and relationship quality by discovering and improving the pain points and needs of users (seniors) in the process of using bidet products (before, during, and after use).

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.33-46
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• 2023

The Autonomous ships are equipped with a function to judge and navigate the sea conditions on their own, so the job of the ship officer who operates it changes. The educational curriculum to nurture ship officer with the ability to operate and manage autonomous ships must also be changed. This study aimed to develop the curriculum for training autonomous ship officer by using the Delphi survey method suitable for predicting the uncertain future. Among the current 61 subjects for training ship officer identified in the Delphi survey, 32 subjects with high importance should be maintained in the training for autonomous ship officer, and subjects with low importance should be abolished or integrated into other subjects. These subjects were collectively referred to as 'general courses'. The expert panel of the Delphi survey suggested 42 items as new subjects, with 18 items of 'high', 14 items of 'middle', and 10 items of 'low'. Through in-depth analysis of these items by experts, 27 subjects were adjusted and three courses were proposed : 1)'Basic course(10 courses)' for developing basic capabilities such as basic theories for understanding advanced technology and information applied to autonomous ships, 2)'Job course(10 courses)' for practical competency directly related to autonomous ship operation, 3)'Intensive course(7 subjects)' for fostering land remote operators of autonomous ships. Since the introduction and spread of autonomous ships will progress rapidly, research to develop and supplement autonomous ship pilot training courses should be continued by reflecting the level of autonomous navigation of autonomous ships.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-68
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• 2011

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) has identified the causes of climate change and come up with measures to address it at the global level. Its key component of the work involves developing and assessing future climate change scenarios. The IPCC Expert Meeting in September 2007 identified a new greenhouse gas concentration scenario "Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP)" and established the framework and development schedules for Climate Modeling (CM), Integrated Assessment Modeling(IAM), Impact Adaptation Vulnerability(IAV) community for the fifth IPCC Assessment Reports while 130 researchers and users took part in. The CM community at the IPCC Expert Meeting in September 2008, agreed on a new set of coordinated climate model experiments, the phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5), which consists of more than 30 standardized experiment protocols for the shortterm and long-term time scales, in order to enhance understanding on climate change for the IPCC AR5 and to develop climate change scenarios and to address major issues raised at the IPCC AR4. Since early 2009, fourteen countries including the Korea have been carrying out CMIP5-related projects. Withe increasing interest on climate change, in 2009 the COdinated Regional Downscaling EXperiment(CORDEX) has been launched to generate regional and local level information on climate change. The National Institute of Meteorological Research(NIMR) under the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) has contributed to the IPCC AR4 by developing climate change scenarios based on IPCC SRES using ECHO-G and embarked on crafting national scenarios for climate change as well as RCP-based global ones by engaging in international projects such as CMIP5 and CORDEX. NIMR/KMA will make a contribution to drawing the IPCC AR5 and will develop national climate change scenarios reflecting geographical factors, local climate characteristics and user needs and provide them to national IAV and IAM communites to assess future regional climate impacts and take action.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.79 no.5
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• pp.254-258
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• 2018

Purpose: Establishment of an appropriate protocol for breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the study of image quality standards to enhance the effectiveness of medical image information exchange, which is part of the construction and activation of clinical information exchange for healthcare informatization. Materials and Methods: The recommended protocols of breast and MRI scans were reviewed and the questionnaire was prepared by a responsible researcher. Then, a panel of 9 breast dedicated radiologists was set up in Korea. The expert panel conducted a total of three Delphi agreements to draw up a consensus on the breast MRI protocol. Results: The agreed breast MRI recommendation protocol is a 1.5 Tesla or higher device that acquires images with prone position using a breast dedicated coil and includes T2-weighted and pre-contrast T1-weighted images. Contrast enhancement images are acquired at least two times, and include 60-120 seconds between images and after 4 minutes. The contrast enhancement T1-weighted image should be less than 3 mm in thickness, less than 120 seconds in temporal resolution, and less than $1.5mm^2$ in-plane pixel resolution. Conclusion: The Delphi agreement of the domestic breast imaging specialist group has established the recommendation protocol of the effective breast MRI.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.127-134
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• 2008

Potential economic impact of a hypothetical severe accident at a nuclear power plant(Uljin units 3/4) was estimated by applying the Delphi method, which is based on the expert judgements and opinions, in the process of quantifying uncertain factors. For the purpose of this study, it is assumed that the radioactive plume directs the inland direction. Since the economic risk can be divided into direct costs and indirect effects and more uncertainties are involved in the latter, the direct costs were estimated first and the indirect effects were then estimated by applying a weighting factor to the direct cost. The Delphi method however subjects to risk of distortion or discrimination of variables because of the human behavior pattern. A mathematical approach based on the Bayesian inferences was employed for data processing to improve the Delphi results. For this task, a model for data processing was developed. One-dimensional Monte Carlo Analysis was applied to get a distribution of values of the weighting factor. The mean and median values of the weighting factor for the indirect effects appeared to be 2.59 and 2.08, respectively. These values are higher than the value suggested by OECD/NEA, 1.25. Some factors such as small territory and public attitude sensitive to radiation could affect the judgement of panel. Then the parameters of the model for estimating the direct costs were classified as U- and V-types, and two-dimensional Monte Carlo analysis was applied to quantify the overall economic risk. The resulting median of the overall economic risk was about 3.9% of the gross domestic products(GDP) of Korea in 2006. When the cost of electricity loss, the highest direct cost, was not taken into account, the overall economic risk was reduced to 2.2% of GDP. This assessment can be used as a reference for justifying the radiological emergency planning and preparedness.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1971

혈액질환(血液疾患), 특히 용혈성빈혈(溶血性貧血)을 수반(隨伴)한 경우(境遇)에 적혈구(赤血球)의 생성(生成) 및 파괴과정(破壞過程)을 정확(正確)히 파악(把握)하는 것은 중요(重要)하여 특히 적혈구수명측정(赤血球壽命測定)은 빈혈(貧血)의 본능(本能) 및 발생기전(發生機轉)을 이해(理解)하는데는 물론 병인적(病因的) 치료(治療) 및 예후(豫後)를 결정(決定)하는데 대단(犬端)히 유용(有用)하다. 적혈구수명측정(赤血球壽命測定)에는 1919년(年) Ashby가 개발(開發)한 differential agglutination법(法)이 이용(利用)되어 왔으나 수혈(輸血)에 따른 위험(危險)이 있고 방법(方法)이 복잡(複雜)하다는 단점(短點)을 가져 새로운 적혈구수명측정법(赤血球壽命測定法)이 연구(硏究)되어 왔다. 최근(最近)에 $^{51}Cr$이나, $^{32}DFP$같은 방사성동위원소(放射性同位元素)를 이용(利用)한 방법(方法)이 도입(導入)된 이래(以來) 임상적(臨床的)으로 적혈구수명측정(赤血球壽命測定)이 많이 시행(施行)되고 있지만 아직까지도 그 방법(方法)이나 결과(結果)의 해석(解釋)에 표준화(標準化)가 안되어 있다. 현재(現在) 임상영역(臨床領域)에서 가장 널리 이용(利用)되고 있는 적혈구수명측정법(赤血球壽命測定法)은 방사성(放射性) chromium($^{51}Cr$)법(法)으로 1950년(年) Gray와 Sterling에 의(依)해 창안(創案)된 이래(以來) 많은 학자(學者)들에 의(依)해 여러 가지 변법(變法)이 고안(考案)되어 왔는데, 이의 가장 큰 이유(理由)는 $^{51}Cr$이 적혈구표지(赤血球標識)에 가장 이상적(理想的)인 것만은 아니고 그 결과(結果)에 많은 요인(要因)들이 영향(影響)을 미치기 때문이다. 또 이런 변법(變法)의 사용(使用)은 각(各) 검사(檢査)에서 계산(計算)된 측정치(測定値)에 차이(差異)가 있어 그 결과(結果)의 해석(解釋) 및 비교(比較) 검토(檢討)에 적지않은 난점(難點)이 생겨 표준화(標準化)된 공통적(共通的)인 방법(方法)의 사용(使用)이 중요(重要)하다는 사실(事實)이 인식(認識)되게 되었다. 1966년(年) 호주(濠洲)의 Sydney에서 개최(開催)되었든 제11차(第11次) 국제혈액학회(國際血學會)때 열린 제4차(第4次) International Committee for Standardization in Haematology(ICSH)에서 Diagnostic Applications of Radioisotopes in Haematology에 관(關)한 expert panel을 갖을것을 의결(議決)하여 다음과 같은 12명(名)의 위원(委員)이 결정(決定)되었으며 위원회(委員會)의 의장(議長)에 Dr. Szur, 총무(總務)에 Dr. Glass가 각각(各各) 선임(選任)되었다. 그간(間) 1967년(年) 영경(英京) London에서 첫 회합(會合)이 있은후(後) New York, Vienna(IAEA후원(後援)) Brthesda(NIH후원(後援))에서 전문위원회(專門委員會)를 갖고 적혈구수명측정법(赤血球壽命測定法)에 관(關)한 의견(意見)의 일치(一致)를 보았다. ICSH와 국제혈액학회(國際血學會)에서는 이번에 결정(決定)된 적혈구수명측정법(赤血球壽命測定法)을 널리 소개(紹介)하며, 측정법(測定法)과 얻어진 결과(結果)의 해석(解釋)에 표준화(標準化)를 기(期)할 목적(目的)으로 이에 연관성(聯關性)있는 전문지(專門誌)에 게재(揭載)할 것을 요청(要請) 받었기에 이에 전문(全文)을 소개(紹介)하는 바이다. 이들은 방사성(放射性) chromium 법(法)의 모든 세부적(細部的)인 면(面)을 표준화(標準化)하고 있으며 그간(間) 가장 논란(論難)의 대상(對象)이 되었던, $^{51}Cr$-표지방법(標識方法)에 있어서의 세가지 변법(變法), 즉 ACD법(法), Citrate-wash법(法), ACD/ascorbic acid법(法)을 모두 인정(認定)하고 있다. 또한, DFP($DF^{32}P$ 또는 $^3H-DFP$) 표지법(標識法)의 표준방법(標準方法)도 기술(記述)하고 있으며, 더욱 중요(重要)한 것은 적혈구수명측정법(赤血球壽命測定法)으로서 현재(現在)까지 대부분(大部分)의 학자(學者)가 사용(使用)하여 왔던 지표(指標)인 $T_{50}Cr$ 대신(代身)에 mean red cell life span을 사용(使用)할 것을 권(勸)하고 있다.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.179-187
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• 2008

After Canada has struggled with a radioactive waste problem over for 20 years, the Canadian government finally found out that its approach by far has been lack of social acceptance, and needed a program such as public and stakeholder engagement (PSE) which involves the public in decision-making process. Therefore, the government made a special law, called Nuclear Fuel Waste Act (NFWA), to search for an appropriate nuclear waste management approach. NFWA laid out three possible approaches which were already prepared in advance by a nuclear expert group, and required Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) to be established to report a recommendation as to which of the proposed approaches should be adopted. However, NFWA allowed NWMO to consider additional management approach if the other three were not acceptable enough. Thus, NWMO studied and created a fourth management approach after it had undertaken an comparison of the benefits, risks and costs of each management approach: Adaptive Phased Management. This approach was intended to enable the implementers to accept any technological advancement or changes even in the middle of the implementation of the plan. The Canadian PSE case well shows that technological R&D are deeply connected with social acceptance. Even though the developments and technological advancement are carried out by the scientists and experts, but it is important to collect the public opinion by involving them to the decision-making process in order to achieve objective validity on the R&D programs. Moreover, in an effort to ensure the principles such as fairness, public health and safety, security, and adoptability, NWMO tried to make those abstract ideas more specific and help the public understand the meaning of each concept more in detail. Also, they utilized a variety of communication methods from face-to-face meeting to e-dialogue to encourage people to participate in the program as much as possible. Given the fact that Korea has been also having a hard time in dealing with spent nuclear fuel management, all of these efforts that Canada has made with a PSE program would give good lessons and implications to the Korean case. In conclusion, as a deliberative participation program, PSE could be a possible breakthrough approach for the Korean spent nuclear fuel management.