• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effects of simulation education integrated with problem based learning (SIM-PBL) on clinical competency and self-efficacy in post operation nursing care for children. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental design. Thirty six students in the third year of a 4-year baccalaureate nursing program were recruited conveniently and assigned to the control or intervention groups using time difference. Students were all in a pediatric nursing clinical practicum. The control group received the regular clinical practicum in a hospital setting. For the intervention group, a SIM-PBL education replaced 150 minutes of their clinical practicum. Results: The intervention group showed greater improvement in two areas of clinical competency compared with the control group; physical assessment (t= 3.019, p=.005) and post operation advice (t=2.428, p=.021). However, no statistically significant differences in improvement in any areas of self-efficacy were found between two groups. Conclusion: The results indicate that the SIM-PBL education is effective in improving some areas of clinical competence, but not self-efficacy in post operation nursing care for children. Further study is needed to develop SIM-PBL programs for various clinical topics and evaluate the effectiveness on the learning outcomes.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to test whether the developmental capacity of human multi-pronuclear (PN) zygotes after ultra-rapid freezing using EM grid can be maintained. For this experiment, multi-PN zygotes which produced in human IVF program were used as an alternatives of normal 2PN zygotes, and they were separated into 3PN or $\geq4PN$ zygotes to compare their in vitro development and cryoinjury according to PN number. As freezing solution, EFS30 which consisted of 30% ethylene glycol, 18% bcoll, 0.5 M sucrose and 10% FBS added D-PBS was used. The result obtained in this experiment was summarized as follows; When the multi..PN zygotes were ultrarapidly frozen and thawed, the high mean percentages (85.5%) were survived. Also when the cleavage rates between control and freezing group were compared with PN number, there were not significantly different in each group (3PN; 81.3% & 85.4% and $\geq4PN$; 90.0% & 95.7%). When the in vitro development rates after thawing were examined, freezing 3PN group (22.0%) was not differed to control 3PN group (38.5%), although the development result of freezing $\geq4PN$ group (45%) was significantly lower than that of control $\geq4PN$ group (44.4%) (p<0.05). These results demonstrate that developmental capacity of human zygote can be obtained by ultra-rapid freezing method using EM grid and EFS30.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2002

Objective s: To estimate the frequency of Y chromosome microdeletions in the Korean population of infertile men and to evaluate the relationship between microdeletion on the Y chromosome and clinical phenotypes of infertile men with idiopathic azoospermia and oligozoospermia. Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from 330 infertile men attending the Infertility Clinic at Samsung Cheil Hospital, Korea. Six sequence tagged sites (STSs) spanning the azoospermia factor (AZF) regions of the Y chromosome were amplified by polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Results: Microdeletions on Y chromosome were detected in 35 (10.6%) of the 330 infertile men. Most of the microdeletions (91.4%) involved AZFb or AZFc. The high incidence of microdeletions were found in AZFc region (57.1%), but the low in AZFa (8.6%) and AZFb (5.7%). Larger microdeletions involving two or three AZF regions were detected in 28.6% of cases. All patients (6 patients) with deletion of AZFa region showed no germ cell phenotypes, Sertoli cell only syndrome or Leydig cell hyperplasia in histopathologic examinations. Conclusion: Microdeletions on the Y chromosome, especially, at AZFc/DAZ regions may be the major cause of azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia. We suggest that idiopathic infertile men have genetic counselling and microdeletion analysis on the Y chromosome before IVF-ET and ART program.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.367-377
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• 1996

Genes on the long arm of Y chromosome, particularly interval 6, are believed to playa critical role in human spermatogenesis. The objective of this study was to validate a sequenced-tagged site(STS)-mapping strategy for the detection of Yq microdeletion and to use this method to determine the proportion of men with Yq microdeletions in idiopathic, obstructive, nonobstructive azoospermia, severe OATS and in normal males. We analyzed three STS markers mapped to interval 6 within long arm of the Y chromosome from 106 nonobstructive, 30 obstructive azoospermia, 15 severe OATS patients, and normal 42 males in Korean men. By PCR, we tested leukocyte DNA, for the presences of STS markers(DAZ, sY129 and sY134) and SRY gene as internal control. And PCR results were confirmed by Southern hybridization, and were investigated by SSCP analysis for DAZ gene mutation. None of 42 normal males and 30 obstructive azoospermia had microdeletions, Of the 15 severe OATS typed with DAZ, sY129 and sY134, 3(20.0%) patients failed to amplify 1 or more STS markers, and of the 106 nonobstructive azoospermia typed with DAZ, sY129 and sY134, 12(11.3%) patients failed to amplify 1 or more STS markers. From these results, high prevalence(12.4%) of Yq deletion(DAZ, sY129, sY134) in men with nonobstructive idopathic azoospermia and severe OATS were observed in Korean infertility patients. To avoid the infertile offspring by assisted reproductive technique using ICSI or ROSI, genetic diagnosis will be needed in IVF-ET program.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.283-292
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• 1996

Objective: To determine the cutoff value of clomiphene citrate challenge test(CCCT) that can predict the normal and abnormal(diminished) ovarian response group and to assess the usefulness of CCCT as a predictor of ovarian reserve. Materials and Methods: From March 1994 to Februry 1996, CCCT was performed to 129 infertile patients and among them, 20 patients whose basal FSH on the third day of menstrual cycle was more than 20 mIU/ml were excluded. At the same time, the same CCCT was performed to the fifteen healthy volunteers with proven fertility to determine the cutoff value of CCCT. Results; 1) A FSH value higher than 23.4 mIU/ml, measured on the 10th day of menstrual cycle, was defined as a abnormal ovarian response. The cutoff value of 23.4 mIU/ml is more than 2 standard deviations(SD) above the mean value of 15 healthy women after CCCT. 2) The abnormal CCCT group, the subpopulation with a FSH value of 23.4 mIU/ml or more, was 7.3%(8/109) and their mean age was higher than the normal CCCT group($36.5{\pm}4.5$ vs. $32.9{\pm}4.8$, P = 0.059). And the percentage of the patients older than 35 years of the abnormal CCCT group was significantly higher than that of the normal CCCT group(62.5% vs. 38.6%, p <0.05). 3) There was no correlation between the hormone values of the third day and the 10th day of menstrual cycle before and after CCCT except between FSH of the third day and the 10th day. Conclusion: The CCCT is a good method to predict the individual ovarian response to COH for ART, especially in the patients who has no other abnormal findings that predict poor prognosis. And it is neccessary to determine the cutoff value of CCCT by the large numbers of randomized study, and combining the previously proven prognostic factors, it can be applicated in many individual centers for evaluate the ovarian response before ART program.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.7-12
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• 1988

The Resistance Committee of Korea Towing Tank Conference extended the Cooperative Experimental Study Program(1985)[1] to perform the geosim tests by exchanging the five different scaled Series 60, $C_B=0.60$ models between the participating organizations and 13 sets of resistance data have been obtained. The test results are compared among the participating towing tanks and also with the results given in the report of the Resistance and Flow Com-identify the mittee of 18th ITTC. The form factor of each model is derived by Prohaska's method to investigate its dependency on $R_n$. On the other hand, at each $F_n$, form factors are also derived by Telfer's method to relation between $F_n$ and form factor. For this hull form, form factors show relatively weak dependency on $R_n$ and strong dependency on $F_n$. And it is also found that dependencies on both have a cross relation. It seems that further study should be continued to understand more clearly the physical phenomena involved in this problem.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.339-350
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• 2005

This study is the quasi-experimental study on the gait training rehabilitation. The purpose of this study is to prepare the baseline data for most suitable of gait while we were scrutinizing how the walking characters, functional walking ability, gait quality of stroke patients were affected by the gait on BWSTT (Body Weight Supported Treadmill Training) through the change of treadmill velocity and body weight support. To accomplish this purpose, this study used thirty subjects, more than 3 months post stroke, for rehabilitation who were divided between two gait training groups they received the neurophysiological physical therapy. For 6 weeks, 5 times a week for 15 minutes per session, the BWSTT group participated in 30 sessions structured speed-dependent treadmill training with 30% body weight supported, and the ratio of body weight support was gradually decreased as the patients advanced the capability of more self-support. The OGT(Over Ground Training) group received the same quantity of equal sessions like BWSTT. Firstly, we measured the absolute improvement of walking velocity (m/s), capacity(min/m) and cadence(steps/min) among walking characters. Secondly, we measured the functional walking ability such as Functional Ambulatory Category(FAC, score out of 5), Modified Motor Assesment Scale(MMAS, score out of 6) and Gait Quality Chart(score out of 41). Data analysis was performed with using SPSS 10.0 win program. The descriptive analysis was used to obtain average and standard deviation. The independent t-test and the paired t-test were used to compare both the groups about pre and post training test. Treatment effects were established by pre and post assessment. Subjects tolerated the training well without side-effects. Therefore, the results of this study were as follows; 1. There was a more significant difference from the improvement of walking velocity(0.09m/s), endurance(4.53min/m), cadence(4.20steps/min), FAC(0.26score), MMAS(0.33 score) and hip joint and pelvic of gait quality(0.39 score) ever before in the BWSTT group(p<.05). 2. There was a more significant increase from the walking velocity(0.01m/s) in the OGT group(p<.05). 3. There was a more statistical significant increase from comparing the average of walking velocity in both groups ever before(0.42m/s in BWSTT group and 0.31m/s in OGT group)(p<.05). There was a statistical significant difference from the average of cadence in both groups(61.87step/min in BWSTT group and 3.60steps/min in OGT group)(p<.05). As we can see from above, the findings suggest that BWSTT may be more effective than the OGT for improving some gait parameters such as gait velocity and cadency. This conclusion also suggest that BWSTT is more effective for the improvement of gait of stroke patients.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.303-314
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• 2010

A study for the nonlinear analysis method of prestressed concrete(PSC) girders with external tendons is presented. The PSC girders with external tendons show the complex nonlinear behavior due to the slip of external tendons at deviator and the change of eccentricity between the girders and external tendons. The external tendon between anchorage-deviator or deviator-deviator is modeled as an assemblage of the curved elements. The slip effect of the external tendon at deviator is taken into account using the force equilibrium relationship between the friction force and the driving force at each deviator. The finite element model and analysis method of the external tendon suggested herein are integrated in the nonlinear analysis program of segmentally erected PSC frames developed by the authors. The proposed analysis method is verified through the comparison of the analysis and experimental results obtained from other investigators. From the ultimate analysis results of PSC beams with external tendons having different number of deviators, the yielding and ultimate loads of PSC beams found to be increased as the number of deviators are increased. In addition, the ultimate capacity of the PSC beam increases according to the increase of friction coefficient between deviator and external tendon, whereas found to decease over the certain value of friction due to the effect of the moment transmitted to the member by the friction force exerted from the external tendon.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.1251-1262
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• 2002

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to assess and compare the stress of mothers and fathers in families with epileptic children, and to assess contributing factors to their stress. Methods : We used a family stress survey with 35 questionnaires to obtain data concerning the parents' perceived stress. Data were analyzed with SPSS 8.0 program using Pearson correlation coefficient, oneway ANOVA, and multiple range test. Results : The parents' stress level seemed not so high and there was no significant difference in stress level between mothers and fathers. There was no significant correlation between most demographic variables of the parents and parents' stress level. But the time of bringing epileptic children correlates positively with the stress level. Oneway ANOVA showed the differences of parents' stress level according to the education institution, seizure type, number of antiepileptic drugs, and the combined disabilities of the sufferer. Conclusion : The results of present study indicate that the stress level in the families with epileptic children may be influenced by some treatment-related characteristics of epileptic children such as seizure type, number of antiepileptic drugs, combined disabilities and the raising method of hospital expenses.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.191-199
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• 2000

Genomics is providing targets faster than we can validate them and combinatorial chemistry is providing new chemical entities faster than we can screen them. Historically, the drug discovery cascade has been established as a sequential process initiated with a potency screening against a selected biological target. In this sequential process, pharmacokinetics was often regarded as a low-throughput activity. Typically, limited pharmacokinetics studies would be conducted prior to acceptance of a compound for safety evaluation and, as a result, compounds often failed to reach a clinical testing due to unfavorable pharmacokinetic characteristics. A new paradigm in drug discovery has emerged in which the entire sample collection is rapidly screened using robotized high-throughput assays at the outset of the program. Higher-throughput pharmacokinetics (HTPK) is being achieved through introduction of new techniques, including automation for sample preparation and new experimental approaches. A number of in vitro and in vivo methods are being developed for the HTPK. In vitro studies, in which many cell lines are used to screen absorption and metabolism, are generally faster than in vivo screening, and, in this sense, in vitro screening is often considered as a real HTPK. Despite the elegance of the in vitro models, however, in vivo screenings are always essential for the final confirmation. Among these in vivo methods, cassette dosing technique, is believed the methods that is applicable in the screening of pharmacokinetics of many compounds at a time. The widespread use of liquid chromatography (LC) interfaced to mass spectrometry (MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) allowed the feasibility of the cassette dosing technique. Another approach to increase the throughput of in vivo screening of pharmacokinetics is to reduce the number of sample analysis. Two common approaches are used for this purpose. First, samples from identical study designs but that contain different drug candidate can be pooled to produce single set of samples, thus, reducing sample to be analyzed. Second, for a single test compound, serial plasma samples can be pooled to produce a single composite sample for analysis. In this review, we validated the issue whether the second method can be applied to practical screening of in vivo pharmacokinetics using data from seven of our previous bioequivalence studies. For a given drug, equally spaced serial plasma samples were pooled to achieve a 'Pooled Concentration' for the drug. An area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve (AUC) was then calculated theoretically using the pooled concentration and the predicted AUC value was statistically compared with the traditionally calculated AUC value. The comparison revealed that the sample pooling method generated reasonably accurate AUC values when compared with those obtained by the traditional approach. It is especially noteworthy that the accuracy was obtained by the analysis of only one sample instead of analyses of a number of samples that necessitates a significant man-power and time. Thus, we propose the sample pooling method as an alternative to in vivo pharmacokinetic approach in the selection potential lead(s) from combinatorial libraries.