• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.181-190
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• 2023

In this paper is a descriptive survey research to compare correlations among the job stress, job satisfaction, emotional labor, and turnover intention of nurses between the comprehensive nursing care service and general wards. The subjects include total 185 nurses that consisted of 93 nurses at the comprehensive nursing care service ward and 92 at the General Ward. Results of this study are as follows; The study analyzed correlations among the job stress, job satisfaction, emotional labor, and turnover intention of nurses at the comprehensive nursing care service and general wards and found that both the groups showed significant positive correlations between job stress and emotional labor, between job stress and turnover intention, and between emotional labor and turnover intention, which indicates that higher job stress led to higher emotional labor and that higher job stress and emotional labor led to higher turnover intention. These findings raise a need to increase the manpower standard, offer proper rewards, and improve the work environment and treatment for nurses, who play the pivotal roles at the hospital organization, to solve their increased job stress and emotional labor issues and ultimately ensure the successful expansion of the comprehensive nursing care service system. There should be multifaceted efforts to reduce the turnover of skilled nurses that are capable of providing quality nursing service.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.339-346
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• 2018

A geological repository system consists of a disposal canister with packed spent fuel, buffer material, backfill material, and intact rock. The buffer is indispensable to assure the disposal safety of high-level radioactive waste. Since the heat generated from spent nuclear fuel in a disposal canister is released to the surrounding buffer materials, the thermal properties of the buffer material are very important in determining the entire disposal safety. Especially, since thermal expansion can cause thermal stress to the intact rock mass in the near-field, it is very important to evaluate thermal expansion characteristics of bentonite buffer materials. Therefore, this paper presents a thermal expansion coefficient prediction model of the Gyeongju bentonite buffer materials which is a Ca-bentonite produced in South Korea. The linear thermal expansion coefficient was measured considering heating rate, dry density and temperature variation using dilatometer equipment. Thermal expansion coefficient values of the Gyeongju bentonite buffer materials were $4.0{\sim}6.0{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$. Based on the experimental results, a non-linear regression model to predict the thermal expansion coefficient was suggested and fitted according to the dry density.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.165-191
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• 1990

Although a number of studies have been performed to assure that residual stress caused by a mismatch of alloy porcelain thermal expansion can contribute to clinical failure of a ceramometal restoration, the interactive influence of cooling rate on the magnitude of thermal expansion difference and on bond strength between them have not been extensively analyzed. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of cooling rate and the number of firing cycles on the expansion mismatch and the flexural failure resistance of metal porcelain strip. Tested alloys included one Pd-Ag alloy, one Ni-Cr-Be alloy with two kinds of porcelain, Vita and Ceramco. Metal specimens were cast into rods with a height of 13mm and a diameter of 5mm. Subsequently, the castings were subjected to scheduled firing cycles without porcelain. And the porcelain specimens after being fired were trimmed into a bar with a final dimension of $5{\times}5{\times}25mm$. Thermal expansions of the alloys and porcelains were measured by using a push rod or a differential dialometer respecitvely. Porcelain glass transition temperatures and expansion values were derived alloy-porcelain pairs were assessed by comparing expansion values of the components at a porcelain glass transition temperature. Calculations were made using combinations of a Ni-Cr alloy or Pd-Ag alloy with each of two porcelain products. Metal-porcelain strip specimens were subjected to four point loading in an Instron testing machine until crack occured at the metal-cramic interface at the time of sharp decrease of load on recorder. On the basis of this study, the following conclusions may be stated: 1. Regardless of the kinds of ceramometal combinations, both of calculated and experimental data revealed that the double fired specimens exhibited a significantly lower flexural strength. 2. By the rise of the amount of mismatch, bond strength were decreased. 3. Thermal expansion value of Pd-Ag alloys were higher than that of Ni-Cr alloys. 4. Expansion curves of metal were proportional to the increase of temperature and were not affected by the experimental conditions, however porcelains did not show the same magnitude of metal, and a shift of the glass transition temperature to higher temperatures was observed when cooled rapidly 5. Alloy-porcelain thermal compatibility appeared more dependent on the porcelain than the alloy.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.111-137
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• 1991

Although a number of studies have been performed to assure that residual stress caused by a mismatch of alloy porcelain thermal expansion can contribute to clinical failure of a ceramometal restoratoin, the interactive influence of cooling rate on the magnitude of thermal expansion difference and on bond strength between them have not been extensively analyzed. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of cooling rate and the number of firing cycles on the expansion mismatch and the flexural failure resistance of metal porcelain strip. Tested alloys included one Pd-Ag alloy, one Ni-Cr-Be alloy with two kinds of porcelain, Vita and Ceramco. Metal specimens were cast into rods with a height of 13mm and a diameter of 5mm. Subsequently, the castings were subjected to scheduled firing cycles without porcelain. And the porcelain specimens after being fired were trimmed into a bar with a final dimension of 5 x 5 x 25mm. Thermal expansions of the alloys and porcelains were measured by using a push rod or a differential dialometer respectively. Porcelain glass transition temperatures and expansion values were derived alloy- porcelain pairs were assessed by comparing expansion values of the components at a porcelain glass transition temperature. Calculations were made using combinations of a Ni-Cr alloy or Pd-Ag alloy with each of two porcelain products. Metal- porcelain strip specimens were subjected to four point loading in an Instron testing machine until crack occured at the metal-cramic interface at the time of sharp decrease of load on recorder. On the basis of this study, the following conclusions may be stated : 1. Regardless of the kinds of ceramometal combinations, both of calculated and experimental data revealed that the double fired specimens exhibited a significantly lower flexural strength. 2. By the rise of the amount of mismatch, bond strength were decreased. 3. Thermal expansion value of Pd-Ag alloys were higher than of Ni-Cr alloys. 4. Expansion curves of metal were proportional to the increase of temperature and were not affected by the experimental conditions, however porcelains did not show the same magnitude of metal, and a shift of the glass transition temperature to higher temperatures was observed when cooled rapidly. 5. Alloy- porcelain thermal compatibility appeared more dependent on the porcelain than the alloy.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.30-39
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• 1986

In manufacturing of pipe walls for boiler units, distortion can result in pipe-web-pipe joints from the nonuniform expansion and contraction of the weld metal and the adjacent base metal during heating and cooling cycle of the welding process. In this study, the stresses and strains during longitudinal welding of the plate-to-pipe joint were investigated. Using the method of successive elastic solution, longitudinal stresses and strains during and after welding were calculated from the information of temperature distributions obtained by Rosenthal's equations. In order to confirm the validity of the numerical results, the temperature and residual stress distributions were measured and compared with the calculated results. In spite of some assumptions, the one-dimensional analytical results of residual stresses were in fairly good agreement with the experimental ones. The residual stresses due to welding of plate-to-pipe joints are tensile near the weld line and compressive in the base metal as in the welding of plates. the amount and distribution of residual stresses were deeply dependent on the heat input ratio of the plate and pipe.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 2004

The stress intensity factors have been widely used in numerical studies of crack growth direction. However in many cases, omissive terms of the series expansion are quantitatively significant, so we consider the computation of such terms. For this purpose, we used the finite element method with isoparametric quadratic quarter-point elements. For examples, infinite square plate with a slant crack subjected to a uniaxial load is analyzed. The numerical analysis were performed for the wide range of crack tip element lengths and inclined angles. The numerical results obtained are compared with the theoretical solutions. Also they were accurate and efficient.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.561-568
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• 2000

본 연구의 목적은 Piezocone 관입시험을 이용한 연약지반의 OCR 평가에 있어 기존의 여러 가지 해석방법들과 최근에 새롭게 제안된 방법들을 실내 모형토조에서 실측된 피에조콘 관입 실험치에 적용하여 각 해석방법들의 차이와 장단점들을 비교 분석하는데 있다. 본 연구의 연구실험방법으로는, Piezocone 관입을 위한 연약 모형지반 조성을 위하여 초대형 Slurry Consolidometer에 Free Stress 상태의 Slurry를 45일간 압밀시킨후 Automatic Computer Control Calibration Chamber (LSU/CALCHAS; Louisiana Slate University Calibration Chamber System)에 옮긴후 다시한번 압밀시키는 Two-Stage Consolidation Method를 사용하였다. 모형지반은 여러 가지 Boundary Condition들과 Stress Condition 그리고 Stress History등을 달리하여 총 5개의 지반을 조성하였다. 관입시험은 총 25개의 Piezocone 관입이 수행되어졌고, 그중 4개는 Standard 10 cm2 Piezocone이고, 나머지 21개는 Miniature Piezocone이 사용되었다. Piezocone 실험치들에 대한 여러 가지 OCR 해석방법 적용결과, Schmertmann방법은 5개 모형지반 모두에서 과다한 OCR평가를 보였으며, $B_{q}$ 방법은 일부모형지반에서 음의 OCR값으로 계산되어졌다. 그러나, Critical-Stale Soil Mechanics 와 Cavity Expansion 이론에 근거하여 Mayne(1991), Kurup(1993), Tumay et al (1995) 들이 제안한 OCR 평가방법들은 실험치와 잘맞는 경향을 보여주었다. 이와같은 이론 모델값들의 차이는 응력조건(Stress Condition)과 경계조건(Boundary Condition)들에 대한 각 해석방법들의 고려정도에 따른 결과로 판단된다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.241-261
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• 2013

The bearing mechanism of pile during installation and loading process which controls the deformation and distribution of strain and stress in the soil surrounding pile tip is complex and full of much uncertainty. It is pointed out that particle crushing occurs in significant stress concentrated region such as the area surrounding pile tip. The solution to this problem requires the understanding and modeling of the mechanical behavior of granular soil under high pressures. This study aims to investigate the sand behavior around pile tip considering the characteristics of sand crushing. The numerical analysis of model pile loading test under different surcharge pressure with constitutive model for sand crushing is presented. This constitutive model is capable of predicting the dilatancy of soil from negative to positive under low confining pressure and only negative dilatancy under high confining pressure. The predicted relationships between the normalized bearing stress and normalized displacement are agreeable with the experimental results during the entire loading process. It is estimated from numerical results that the vertical stress beneath pile tip is up to 20 MPa which is large enough to cause sand to be crushed. The predicted distribution area of volumetric strain represents that the distributed area shaped wedge for volumetric contraction is beneath pile tip and distributed area for volumetric expansion is near the pile shaft. It is demonstrated that the finite element formulation incorporating a constitutive model for sand with crushing is capable of producing reasonable results for the pile loading problem.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.22 no.11 s.176
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• pp.165-172
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• 2005

In MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System), packaging induced stress or stress induced structure deformation becomes increasing concerns since it directly affects the performance of the device. In the decoupled vibratory MEMS gyroscope, the main factor that determines the yield rate is the frequency difference between the sensing and driving modes. The gyroscope, packaged using the anodic bonding at the wafer level and EMC (epoxy molding compound) molding, has a deformation of MEMS structure caused by thermal expansion mismatch. This effect results in large distribution in the frequency difference, and thereby a lower yield rate. To improve the yield rate we propose a packaged SiOG (Silicon On Glass) process technology. It uses a silicon wafer and two glass wafers to minimize the wafer warpage. Thus the warpage of the wafer is greatly reduced and the frequency difference is more uniformly distributed. In addition. in order to increase robustness of the structure against deformation caused by EMC molding, a 'crab-leg' type spring is replaced with a semi-folded spring. The results show that the frequency shift is greatly reduced after applying the semi-folded spring. Therefore we can achieve a more robust vibratory MEMS gyroscope with a higher yield rate.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.216-222
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• 2004

The caster roll shells have the good thermal conductivity and the low thermal expansion and have to exhibit high enough strength and good ductility at temperature up to $600^{\circ}C$. Thermal stress in particular is very high due to the contact with the liquid aluminium. The main stresses are of thermal origin, which bring a plastic fatigue on surface. This paper will represent one survey about the investigation of the failure of roll shells for continuous casters and an analysis using the simulation of the temperature distribution and the state of stress during hot rolling. Moreover, there will be a discussion on the roll shell of Mod. HAR 5 which is developed by heat treatment process. Mod. HAR 5 has advantages of high strength, high toughness and increased thermal stress resistance while maintaining the same productivity as the conventional roll.