본 연구의 목적은 가정과교육에서 창의 인성 교육에 대한 가정과 교사의 관심 단계와 실행 수준, 그리고 실행 실태를 알아보는데 있다. 연구 자료는 전국의 중학교 가정과 교사를 대상으로 체계적 표집과 편의 표집을 하여 우편과 이메일을 통해 설문지를 배포하고 회수된 187부를 최종 분석에 사용하였다. 조사 도구는 주로 Hall(1987)이 개발한 혁신에 대한 교사의 관심도와 실행 수준에 대한 질문지를 수정 보완하여 사용하였고 그 외는 선행연구를 기초하여 개발하였으며 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 자료는 SPSS/window(12.0) 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도, 백분율, 평균, 표준편차, t-test, ANOVA를 실시하였다. 본 연구를 통해 밝혀진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 창의 인성 교육에 대한 가정과 교사의 관심 단계는 정보적 관심 단계(85.51)가 가장 높았으며 다음으로 개인적 관심 단계(85.18), 운영적 관심 단계(81.88), 지각적 관심 단계(82.15), 강화적 관심 단계(68.80), 협동적 관심 단계(61.97), 그리고 결과적 관심단계(59.76)의 순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 창의 인성 교육에 대한 가정과 교사의 실행 수준은 기계적 실행 수준(수준 3; 21.4%)이 가장 많았으며, 다음으로 탐색 수준(수준 1; 20.9%), 정교화 수준(수준 5; 17.1%), 사용하지 않는 수준(수준 0; 15.0%), 준비 수준(수준 2; 10.2%), 통합 수준(수준 6; 5.9%), 갱신 수준(수준 7; 4.8%), 일상화 수준(수준 4; 4.8%) 순이었다. 셋째, 창의 인성 교육에 대한 가정과 교사의 실행 실태를 조사한 결과, 반 이상의 가정과 교사(56.1%)는 가정과 수업에서 인성 교육에 치중하고 있으며, 31.0%의 교사는 창의 인성 교육을 모두 실행한다고 응답하였다. 반면 소수의 교사(6.4%)는 창의성 교육을 실행한다고 응답하였고 같은 수의 교사(6.4%)는 창의성과 인성 교육 어느 것도 실행하지 않는다고 응답하였다. 가정과 교사의 창의 인성 교육 요소의 실행 정도를 조사한 결과, 창의 인성 교육 요소의 실행은 평균은 5점 만점에서 3.76이었고 창의성 요소의 평균은 3.59, 인성 요소의 평균은 3.94로 보통보다 높았다. 창의성 교육 요소의 실행 정도에 대해서, 개방성/민감성(3.97)을 가장 많이 실행하였고 다음으로 문제해결능력(3.79), 호기심/흥미(3.73), 비판적 사고(3.68), 논리/분석적 사고(3.63), 문제발견능력(3.61), 독창성(3.57), 유추성(3.47), 유창성/융통성(3.46), 정교성(3.46), 상상력(3.37), 몰입/공감(3.37)의 순으로 실행하였다. 인성 교육 요소는 실천력(4.07)을 가장 많이 실행하였고, 다음으로 협동/배려/공정(4.06), 자기관리능력(4.04), 시민의식(4.04), 진로개발능력(4.03), 환경친화능력(3.95), 책임(감)/소유(3.94), 의사결정능력(3.89), 신뢰/정직/약속(3.88), 자율성(3.86), 글로벌역량(3.55)의 순으로 실행한 것으로 나타났다. 창의 인성 교육을 실행할 때 어려운 점으로, 많은 가정과 교사(64.71%)는 창의 인성 교육을 실행할 수업 자료가 부족한 데 있다고 하였으며, 40.11%의 교사는 창의 인성 교육의 연수 기회가 적은데 있다고 응답하였다. 한편 38.50%의 가정과 교사는 창의 인성 교육에 대한 평가 기준을 설정하거나 평가 도구를 개발하는 것이 어렵다고 응답하였고, 25.67%의 교사는 창의 인성 교육 방법을 모른다고 응답하였다. 창의 인성 교육 실행을 위해서 필요한 지원에 대해서, '창의 인성 교육과 관련된 학생들의 체험활동의 확대'(4.34), '창의성과 인성을 중시하는 가정과 수업 문화 조성'(4.29), '학생 발달 단계에 적합한 창의 인성 교육 내용'(4.27), '창의 인성 교육을 담당할 교수 인력 확보'(4.21), '창의 인성 교육의 개념과 가치 확립'(4.09), '지역 사회 기업 등과 연계한 창의 인성 교육 추진'(3.94)의 순으로 응답하였다.
Much has teed changed in the field of hospital administration in the It wake of the rapid development of sciences, techniques ana systematic hospital management. However, we still have a long way to go in organization, in the quality of hospital employees and hospital equipment and facilities, and in financial support in order to achieve proper hospital management. The above factors greatly effect the ability of hospitals to fulfill their obligation in patient care and nursing services. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal methods of standardization and quality nursing so as to improve present nursing services through investigations and analyses of various problems concerning nursing administration. This study has been undertaken during the six month period from October 1971 to March 1972. The 41 comprehensive hospitals have been selected iron amongst the 139 in the whole country. These have been categorized according-to the specific purposes of their establishment, such as 7 university hospitals, 18 national or public hospitals, 12 religious hospitals and 4 enterprise ones. The following conclusions have been acquired thus far from information obtained through interviews with nursing directors who are in charge of the nursing administration in each hospital, and further investigations concerning the purposes of establishment, the organization, personnel arrangements, working conditions, practices of service, and budgets of the nursing service department. 1. The nursing administration along with its activities in this country has been uncritical1y adopted from that of the developed countries. It is necessary for us to re-establish a new medical and nursing system which is adequate for our social environments through continuous study and research. 2. The survey shows that the 7 university hospitals were chiefly concerned with education, medical care and research; the 18 national or public hospitals with medical care, public health and charity work; the 2 religious hospitals with medical care, charity and missionary works; and the 4 enterprise hospitals with public health, medical care and charity works. In general, the main purposes of the hospitals were those of charity organizations in the pursuit of medical care, education and public benefits. 3. The survey shows that in general hospital facilities rate 64 per cent and medical care 60 per-cent against a 100 per cent optimum basis in accordance with the medical treatment law and approved criteria for training hospitals. In these respects, university hospitals have achieved the highest standards, followed by religious ones, enterprise ones, and national or public ones in that order. 4. The ages of nursing directors range from 30 to 50. The level of education achieved by most of the directors is that of graduation from a nursing technical high school and a three year nursing junior college; a very few have graduated from college or have taken graduate courses. 5. As for the career tenure of nurses in the hospitals: one-third of the nurses, or 38 per cent, have worked less than one year; those in the category of one year to two represent 24 pet cent. This means that a total of 62 per cent of the career nurses have been practicing their profession for less than two years. Career nurses with over 5 years experience number only 16 per cent: therefore the efficiency of nursing services has been rated very low. 6. As for the standard of education of the nurses: 62 per cent of them have taken a three year course of nursing in junior colleges, and 22 per cent in nursing technical high schools. College graduate nurses come up to only 15 per cent; and those with graduate course only 0.4 per cent. This indicates that most of the nurses are front nursing technical high schools and three year nursing junior colleges. Accordingly, it is advisable that nursing services be divided according to their functions, such as professional, technical nurses and nurse's aides. 7. The survey also shows that the purpose of nursing service administration in the hospitals has been regulated in writing in 74 per cent of the hospitals and not regulated in writing in 26 per cent of the hospitals. The general purposes of nursing are as follows: patient care, assistance in medical care and education. The main purpose of these nursing services is to establish proper operational and personnel management which focus on in-service education. 8. The nursing service departments belong to the medical departments in almost 60 per cent of the hospitals. Even though the nursing service department is formally separated, about 24 per cent of the hospitals regard it as a functional unit in the medical department. Only 5 per cent of the hospitals keep the department as a separate one. To the contrary, approximately 12 per cent of the hospitals have not established a nursing service department at all but surbodinate it to the other department. In this respect, it is required that a new hospital organization be made to acknowledge the independent function of the nursing department. In 76 per cent of the hospitals they have advisory committees under the nursing department, such as a dormitory self·regulating committee, an in-service education committee and a nursing procedure and policy committee. 9. Personnel arrangement and working conditions of nurses 1) The ratio of nurses to patients is as follows: In university hospitals, 1 to 2.9 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 4.0 for out-patients; in religious hospitals, 1 to 2.3 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 5.4 for out-patients. Grouped together this indicates that one nurse covers 2.2 hospitalized patients and 4.3 out-patients on a daily basis. The current medical treatment law stipulates that one nurse should care for 2.5 hospitalized patients or 30.0 out-patients. Therefore the statistics indicate that nursing services are being peformed with an insufficient number of nurses to cover out-patients. The current law concerns the minimum number of nurses and disregards the required number of nurses for operation rooms, recovery rooms, delivery rooms, new-born baby rooms, central supply rooms and emergency rooms. Accordingly, tile medical treatment law has been requested to be amended. 2) The ratio of doctors to nurses: In university hospitals, the ratio is 1 to 1.1; in national of public hospitals, 1 to 0.8; in religious hospitals 1 to 0.5; and in private hospitals 1 to 0.7. The average ratio is 1 to 0.8; generally the ideal ratio is 3 to 1. Since the number of doctors working in hospitals has been recently increasing, the nursing services have consequently teen overloaded, sacrificing the services to the patients. 3) The ratio of nurses to clerical staff is 1 to 0.4. However, the ideal ratio is 5 to 1, that is, 1 to 0.2. This means that clerical personnel far outnumber the nursing staff. 4) The ratio of nurses to nurse's-aides; The average 2.5 to 1 indicates that most of the nursing service are delegated to nurse's-aides owing to the shortage of registered nurses. This is the main cause of the deterioration in the quality of nursing services. It is a real problem in the guest for better nursing services that certain hospitals employ a disproportionate number of nurse's-aides in order to meet financial requirements. 5) As for the working conditions, most of hospitals employ a three-shift day with 8 hours of duty each. However, certain hospitals still use two shifts a day. 6) As for the working environment, most of the hospitals lack welfare and hygienic facilities. 7) The salary basis is the highest in the private university hospitals, with enterprise hospitals next and religious hospitals and national or public ones lowest. 8) Method of employment is made through paper screening, and further that the appointment of nurses is conditional upon the favorable opinion of the nursing directors. 9) The unemployment ratio for one year in 1971 averaged 29 per cent. The reasons for unemployment indicate that the highest is because of marriage up to 40 per cent, and next is because of overseas employment. This high unemployment ratio further causes the deterioration of efficiency in nursing services and supplementary activities. The hospital authorities concerned should take this matter into a jeep consideration in order to reduce unemployment. 10) The importance of in-service education is well recognized and established. 1% has been noted that on the-job nurses. training has been most active, with nursing directors taking charge of the orientation programs of newly employed nurses. However, it is most necessary that a comprehensive study be made of instructors, contents and methods of education with a separate section for in-service education. 10. Nursing services'activities 1) Division of services and job descriptions are urgently required. 81 per rent of the hospitals keep written regulations of services in accordance with nursing service manuals. 19 per cent of the hospitals do not keep written regulations. Most of hospitals delegate to the nursing directors or certain supervisors the power of stipulating service regulations. In 21 per cent of the total hospitals they have policy committees, standardization committees and advisory committees to proceed with the stipulation of regulations. 2) Approximately 81 per cent of the hospitals have service channels in which directors, supervisors, head nurses and staff nurses perform their appropriate services according to the service plans and make up the service reports. In approximately 19 per cent of the hospitals the staff perform their nursing services without utilizing the above channels. 3) In the performance of nursing services, a ward manual is considered the most important one to be utilized in about 32 percent of hospitals. 25 per cent of hospitals indicate they use a kardex; 17 per cent use ward-rounding, and others take advantage of work sheets or coordination with other departments through conferences. 4) In about 78 per cent of hospitals they have records which indicate the status of personnel, and in 22 per cent they have not. 5) It has been advised that morale among nurses may be increased, ensuring more efficient services, by their being able to exchange opinions and views with each other. 6) The satisfactory performance of nursing services rely on the following factors to the degree indicated: approximately 32 per cent to the systematic nursing activities and services; 27 per cent to the head nurses ability for nursing diagnosis; 22 per cent to an effective supervisory system; 16 per cent to the hospital facilities and proper supply, and 3 per cent to effective in·service education. This means that nurses, supervisors, head nurses and directors play the most important roles in the performance of nursing services. 11. About 87 per cent of the hospitals do not have separate budgets for their nursing departments, and only 13 per cent of the hospitals have separate budgets. It is recommended that the planning and execution of the nursing administration be delegated to the pertinent administrators in order to bring about improved proved performances and activities in nursing services.