• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제50권2호
• /
• pp.165-171
• /
• 2012

Larval excretory-secretory products of Anisakis simplex are known to cause allergic reactions in humans. A cDNA library of A. simplex 3rd-stage larvae (L3) was immunoscreened with polyclonal rabbit serum raised against A. simplex L3 excretory-secretory products to identify an antigen that elicits the immune response. One cDNA clone, designated as ${\alpha}$-methylacyl CoA racemase (Amacr) contained a 1,412 bp cDNA transcript with a single open reading frame that encoded 418 amino acids. A. simplex Amacr showed a high degree of homology compared to Amacr orthologs from other species. Amacr mRNA was highly and constitutively expressed regardless of temperature (10-$40^{\circ}C$) and time (24-48 hr). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Amacr was expressed mainly in the ventriculus of A. simplex larvae. The Amacr protein produced in large quantities from the ventriculus is probably responsible for many functions in the development and growth of A. simplex larvae.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.327-333
• /
• 2002

Among the silk glands in the black widow spider Latrodectus mactans, the ampullate one is the most predominant gland in both sexes, and is com-posed of three functional parts - excretory duct, storage ampulla and convoluted tail regions. This experiment was performed using mechanical pulling stimulation with electric motor equipment to reveal a correlation between silk usage and silk producing system in this poisonous spider. The mature secretory products in glandular epithelium are closely packed and appear as electron-opaque spherical vesicles. A part of the vesicles with fine fibrillar paracrystalline texture seems to store some proteins which will function at the time of final assembly into fibrils. Most of the secretory silk products which originated from the rough endoplasmic reticula of the glandular epithelial cells are grown by fusion with surrounding small vesi-cles. However, the Golgi complex does not seem to play an important role in this process of secretion. According to progressive maturation of secre-tory silk product, these granules are progressively filled with a fine fibrillar material, and thus appear much more electron-dense than those of earlier states. When the secretory product is extruded from the glandular cavity, the epithelium is rapidly changed to a thinner layer of tall columnar cells with less definitive cell membranes. After extruding there ave a few secre-tory droplets within these cells, thus causing this region to stain much lighter.

• Animal cells and systems
• /
• 제12권2호
• /
• pp.109-116
• /
• 2008

Among the four kinds of silk glands in the funnel-web spider Agelena limbata, the ampullate gland for dragline silk production is the most predominate one in both sexes, and is composed of three functional parts-excretory duct, storage ampulla and convoluted tail regions. Two pairs of major ampullate glands send secretory ductules to the anterior spinnerets, and another two pairs of minor ampullate glands supply the middle spinnerets. There are no apparent differences between the major and minor ampullate glands not only the external spigots but also their internal silk glands. However, the microstructure is very unique in this spider, because each gland has spherical shaped storage sac with twig-like branched tails. Nevertheless, the wall of the secretory region is similarly composed of a single layer of epithelial cells. The mature secretory silks in glandular epithelium are closely packed and accumulated as electron-opaque vesicles. Most of the secretory products which originated from the rough endoplasmic reticula(rER) are grown up by fusion with the surrounding small vesicles however, the Golgi complex does not seem to play an important role in this process of secretion.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.99-105
• /
• 1979

In order to know the histological changes of rat preputial gland during normal sexual cycle and sex hormone treatment, matured Wistar rats (B.W.about 200g) were used for the experiment. Rats were subcutaneously given $2{\mu}g$ 17-${\beta}$-estradiol (Sigma) and 2.5g progesterone (Nakarai Chem., Japan) daily in 0.5ml propylen glycol for ten days respectively. The results obtained are as follow: At the stage of estrus and metestrus, the eosinophilic crystalloid granules and large vacuoles in the acinar cells appeared numerously, and the excretory ducts were severely extended. The developed connective tissue between the acinus were also found. At the stage of proestrus and diestrus, however, the small vacuoles and a few eosinophilic crystalloid granules appeared in the acinar cell. In the estradiol treatment, on the other hand, severely extended excretory ducts and a small number of the eosinophilic crystalloid granules compared with the progesterone treatment were found. The cyst-like structure was found, and in that the acinus disappeared completely. In the progesterone treatment, remarkably extended excretory ducts and nomerous appearance of oval formed eosinophilic granules in the acinar cells were found. As these findings, it could be suggested that the secretion of rat preputial gland was active at the estrus and metestrus stage, and estrogen may concerned in the secretion, land progesterone in the formation of secretory products.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제49권2호
• /
• pp.139-144
• /
• 2011

The present study was performed to estimate the seroprevalence of larval Anisakis simplex infection among the residents health-examined in 3 hospitals in southern parts of Korea. A total of 498 serum samples (1 serum per person) were collected in 3 hospitals in Susan Metropolitan city, Masan city, and Geoje city in Gyeongsangnam-do (Province) and were examined by IgE-ELISA and IgE-western blotting with larval A. simplex crude extract and excretory-secretory products (ESP). The prevalence of antibody positivity was 5.0% and 6.6% with ELISA against crude extracts and ESP, respectively. It was also revealed that infection occurred throughout all age groups and higher in females than in males. A specific protein band of 130 kDa was detected from 10 patients with western blot analysis against crude extract and ESP among those who showed positive results by ELISA. Our study showed for the first time the seroprevalence of anisakiasis in Korea. The allergen of 130 kDa can be a candidate for serologic diagnosis of anisakiasis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.271-283
• /
• 2006

The third-stage larvae (L3) of the parasitic nematode, Anisakis simplex, have been implicated in the induction of hyperimmune allergic reactions in orally infected humans. In this work, we have conducted a review of an investigation into immune reactions occurring in animals experimentally infected with A. simplex L3. The patterns of serum antibody productions if the experimental animals against excretory-secretory products (ESP) of A. simplex L3 contributed to our current knowledge regarding specific humoral immune reactions in humans. In our review, we were able to determine that L3 infection of experimental animals may constitute a good model system for further exploration of immune mechanisms and allergy in anisakiasis of humans.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.113-117
• /
• 2002

We investigated the sero-prevalence of toxocariasis among healthy Korean adults in 1999. A total of 314 sera from normal inhabitants in Whachon-gun, Gangwon do, Korea was examined for specific antibody levels against excretory-secretory products of second stage larvae of Toxocara (TES). The presence of cross-reactions with other helminthiases such as cysticercosis, paragonimiasis, sparganosis or clonorchiasis was also checked by specific IgG ELISA. Sera showing positive reaction against TES were also tested by IgG immunoblot and by IgE ELISA. Out of 314 subjects, 16 was found to be positive by TES IgG ELISA and immunoblot, among whom 12 were also positive by TES IgE ELISA. Among the 16 seropositive samples, two sera showed positive reaction against Paragonimus and sparganum antigen, respectively. These results inferred that cross-reactions were negligible between toxocariasis and other helminthiases. Toxocariasis seroprevalence among Korean rural adults was detected to be approximately 5%.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제48권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2010

Neutrophils play an important role in the human immune system for protection against such microorganisms as a protozoan parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis; however, the precise role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of trichomoniasis is still unknown. Moreover, it is thought that trichomonal lysates and excretory-secretory products (ESP), as well as live T. vaginalis, could possibly interact with neutrophils in local tissues, including areas of inflammation induced by T. vaginalis in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of T. vaginalis lysate on the fate of neutrophils. We found that T. vaginalis lysate inhibits apoptosis of human neutrophils as revealed by Giemsa stain. Less altered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and surface CD16 receptor expression also supported the idea that neutrophil apoptosis is delayed after T. vaginalis lysate stimulation. In contrast, ESP stimulated-neutrophils were similar in apoptotic features of untreated neutrophils. Maintained caspase-3 and myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) in neutrophils co-cultured with trichomonad lysate suggest that an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis was involved in T. vaginalis lysate-induced delayed neutrophil apoptosis; this phenomenon may contribute to local inflammation in trichomoniasis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제60권4호
• /
• pp.247-254
• /
• 2022

Vincristine (VCR) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used in treatment of malignancies. However, VCR has a limitation in use since it commonly causes a painful neuropathy (VCR-induced peripheral neuropathy, VIPN). Inflammatory cytokines secreted by immune cells such as macrophages can exacerbate allodynia and hyperalgesia, because inhibiting the inflammatory response is a treatment target for VIPN. In this study, we investigated whether Trichinella spiralis, a widely studied helminth for its immunomodulatory abilities, can alleviate VCR-induced allodynia. Von Frey test showed that T. spiralis infection improved mechanical allodynia at 10 days after VCR injection. We further observed whether the difference was due to mitigated axon degeneration, but no significant difference between the groups in axonal degeneration in sciatic nerves and intra-epidermal nerve fibers was found. Conversely, we observed that number of infiltrated macrophages was decreased in the sciatic nerves of the T. spiralis infected mice. Moreover, treatment of T. spiralis excretory-secretory products caused peritoneal macrophages to secrete decreased level of IL-1β. This study suggests that T. spiralis can relieve VCR-induced mechanical allodynia by suppressing neuroinflammation and that application of controllable degree of helminth may prove beneficial for VIPN treatment.

• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.219-230
• /
• 2004

This experiment was performed to examine the in vitro and in vivo affects of the two different haplotype strains of mice, BALB/c and C3H/HeN infected with Echinostoma hortense, and the manifestation of the profiles of cytokine in the splenocytes. In the in vitro experiment, the two mice's splenocytes were divided and stimulated with antigen of crude extracts and the antigen of excretory and secretory products of an adult warm and the manifestation of cytokine mRNA was verified with RT-PCR. As a result, the two different strains of mice both strongly manifested the Th2 cytokine rather than the Thl cytokine and in the case of the Th2 cytokine, the BALB/c mice manifested more strongly than the C3H/HeN mice. In the experiment using the ELISA method, the protem cytokine manifestation had the same result as the mRNA experiment. In the in vivo experiment, the mice was infected via oral route with the metacercaria of the Echinostoma hortense and the manifestation of cytokine was verified by RT-PCR and ELISA and the results were the same as the in vitro experiment. Therefore, in the two strains of BALB/c and C3H/HeN, the C3H/HeN showed a higher susceptivity to the Echinostoma hortense.