• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.279-286
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• 2010

Livestock production in Vietnam is, as in most Asian countries, increasing rapidly and changing into specialized highly intensified operations. The volume of animal excreta generated exceeds the capacity of the operation land base and cannot be utilized efficiently. As a consequence, there is a loss of plant nutrients from livestock farms that causes environmental pollution. This study carried out a feed and excretion experiment measuring fecal characteristic, daily fecal production, daily nitrogen and phosphorous excretion from grower-finisher pigs fed prevalent rations in Vietnam. Furthermore, equations for assessing the excretion were tested, which can be used in farm models for optimal recycling of manure while focusing on reducing pollution. The results indicated that fecal production and nutrient excretion were affected by the different rations tested. This study showed that five selected equations for predicting excretion from grower-finisher pigs in Danish conditions can also be used with precision in Vietnamese pig farming systems. The equations have been proven valid and can, therefore, be used as a much needed tool for assessing fecal production and nitrogen in excreta on pig farms. The study also showed that about 12% of nitrogen excreted was emitted during housing. Waste water contains more than half of the nitrogen excreted, mainly in ammonium form which has a high potential for gaseous emission.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.257-264
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• 2009

This work was conducted to investigate the effects of phytase on N and P excretion of laying hens excreta. Three hundred sixty ISA Brown layers were selected to investigate excreta excretion for 65 weeks and to investigate the effect of phytase on total excretion and N and P excretion of layers from 55 weeks. The experimental diets were fed the starter (0~5 wk), grower (5~12 wk), developer (12~16 wk), prelay diets (16 wk~first egg), layer diets for starting period (first egg~32 wk), middle (32~45 wk), finishing diets (45~55 wk, 55 wk~). Thirty ISA Brown layers were selected to investigate the effect of phytase supplementation on total N and P excretion of layers at 55 weeks and assigned randomly to 3 treatments groups (10 birds/treatment) and phytase was added to basal diets at 300 and 600 FTU/kg. Average body weight, feed intake, water intake, and excreta excretion were 1,622, 105.7, 187.2 and 124.7 g/bird/day, respectively. Excreta of birds fed phytase were DM (33.2, 31.2, 30.5 g/day), N (0.46, 0.42, 0.40 g/day) and P (0.51, 0.49, 0.48 g/day) and reduced as dietary phytase increased, Finally, dietary phyase can reduce the N and P excretion, but the amount of excreta was not different depending from the phytase addition in layers. This work investigated the N and P excretion of laying hens excreta and were considered that dietary phytase can reduce the N and P excretion for short period.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.sup
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• pp.35-42
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• 2011

This work was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary phytase on growth performance and excreta excretion of growing-finishing pigs for 7 days. Eighty three crossbreeds (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace ${\times}$ Duroc) of growing-finishing pigs were used in this work, and divided into 6 treatments. Six treatments were compared in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement with 2 groups (5 replications/group, 8 head/replications) with the additive phytase and 3 groups(growing I, II and finishing phase) with growing phases. Initial weights with growing phases were $58.6{\pm}3.9$. $83.2{\pm}3.8$ and $111.4{\pm}5.4kg$, respectively. Body weight gain was high in phytase treatment (P<0.01) and low at finishing phase. Feed conversion ratio was high in no phytase treatment and at finishing phase (P<0.05). Feed and water intakes have no significant difference with phytase existence and growing phases. Feces excretion decreased with growing phase (P<0.05), and was low at phytase treatment (P<0.05). There was no significant difference on urine excretion (P>0.05). Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) intake was not found significant difference with phytase and growing phases. N excretion had no significant difference on phytase existence and growing phase (P>0.05), but P excretion decreased at phytase treatment (P<0.05). N and P excretion ratio was low at phytase treatment (P<0.05). Finally, dietary phytase resulted in improvement of growth performance and reduction of excreta excretion of growing-finishing pigs.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.255-263
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• 2011

This work was conducted to investigate the effects of phytase on the growth performance, excreta excretion, and N and P excretion of broilers for 7 weeks. One hundred ninety two Ross broiler (one-day-old) with average weight $44.7{\pm}1.5$ g were assigned randomly to 4 treatments groups (12 birds/pen, 4 pens/treatment) as $2{\times}2$ complex factors of sex of broiler male, female) and phytase 2 treatments (0, 300 FTU/kg), and fed experimental diets for 6 weeks (starter, 0~2 wk; earlier, 2~4 wk; finisher, 4~7 wk). The experimental diets included that phytase was added to the basal diet. Body weight was high at male treatment and at phytase treatment. Feed intake was high at male treatment and was no difference between phytase and non-phytase treatment. Feed efficiency was the highest at male and phytase treatment. Manure excretion was high at male treatment and reduced at phytase treatment. Excretion of N and P was high at male treatment and at non-phytase treatment. Finally, when phyase was added to basal diet, the growth performance of broilers was improved and excreta excretion and N and P excretion of broilers were decreased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.1000-1006
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• 2004

Selenium and vitamin E are micronutrients essential for normal health and maintenance in poultry. They are necessary in preventing free radical damage to phospholipid membranes, enzymes and other important molecules. Two experiments were conducted in a semi-commercial environment to examine the effect of Se source and vitamin E level in diet on broiler performance and meat quality. Increasing vitamin E from 50 IU to 100 IU did not affect growth performance of broilers although the 24 h drip-loss was tended to be reduced (p=0.06). There was an interaction between vitamin E and the source of Se in glutathione peroxidase activity (GSH-Px) and Se concentration in excreta. Increasing vitamin E from 50 IU to 100 IU elevated GSH-Px and Se concentration in excreta by 42 IU/g Hb and 0.9 ppm for the organic Se group, respectively, but reduced GSH-Px and Se concentration in excreta by 16 IU/g Hb and 1.3 ppm for inorganic group, respectively. Vitamin E played no role in the feather coverage of the birds when scored on day 37. Organic Se is more effective in improving feather score and 24 h drip-loss, with a markedly higher deposition rate in breast muscle and a lower excretion rate in the excreta (p<0.05) compared to the inorganic Se source. Both vitamin E and the source of Se did not affect (p>0.05) the energy utilisation by birds.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 1994

A study of concurrent bioassay for protein quality and energy level in protein sources was rnade by determining urinary nitrogenous compounds in excreta. The carry over effect of previous feeding was eliminated by 48 h of feeding the experimental diets prior to the determination of for protein digestibility and utilizability, and energy digestibility and metabolizability at 24 h interval during 3 days. Then, protein qualities and energy levels for soybean meal, rapeseed meal and fish meal were calculated by a substitution method. Apparent protein utilization (NB/NI) was affected by the increased fecal nitrogen excretion in soybean meal and by the increased urinary nitrogen excretion in rapeseed meal and fish meal. The apparent metabolizability of energy (ME/GE) was affected by the fecal energy excretion in soybean meal and rapeseed meal and by urinary energy excretion in fishmeal. The results indicated that the concurrent bioassay of protein quality and energy levels in ingredients appears to be applicable to chickens of other age, sex, breeds and environmental conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.384-394
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• 2001

In order to prevent pollution from animal waste, P, N and pharmacological level minerals should be properly managed. Microbial phytase has been used successfully to control P excretion. Activity of natural phytase in certain plant feedstuffs is high enough to be considered in feed formulation. Nitrogen control can be achieved through amino acid supplementation and protein restriction in the diet. Supplementation with carbohydrases reduces output of excreta as well as N. Ammonia release from the manure could be reduced by using a low crude protein diet along with the supplementation with probiotics products. Excretion of minerals used at pharmacological level can be reduced by using chelated forms. Cu and Zn in the form of methionine chelate have been successfully used in the broiler and pig diets.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.193-203
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• 2024

This study examined the effect of a dietary protein level and age on growth performance, total excreta, and nitrogen balance in laying hen during the growing period for 18 weeks. A total of 96 Hy-Line Brown laying hens were divided into two treatments according to the experimental diets, with each group consisting of six replicates. The experimental diets included: 1) an adequate metabolizable energy and crude protein diet formulated to meet the age and breed specification for Hy-Line Brown containing 21, 18, 16, and 14% dietary CP during 0 to 6, 6 to 12, 12 to 15, 15 to 18 weeks, respectively (CON); 2) 2% CP deficiency from CON diet containing 19, 16, 14, 12% dietary CP during 0 to 6, 6 to 12, 12 to 15, 15 to 18 weeks, respectively (LP). Growth performance, total excreta, and nitrogen balance were investigated for 18 weeks every 3 weeks, and two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of data. The LP group had lower total excreta and N intake than CON group in the whole period of the experiment (p < 0.001). Moreover, birds in the LP group showed lower N excretion than the CON group (p < 0.05). However, the CON group exhibited higher BW, ADG than the LP group (p < 0.001). Application of low-protein diet to laying hens during the growing period reduced N excretion, which contribute to the sustainable development of the laying hen industry by minimizing environmental pollution.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.141-151
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• 2000

Over-grown seaweeds in Donghae(east sea of Korea peninsula) may impedes ocean environment, however, they can be a good nutrient resources for poultry feeds if they are utilized properly. In this study, seaweeds powder were tested for laying hens\` ration to investigate the effects on egg production rate, egg quality and calcium phosphorus excretion. One hundred 65wks-old brown layers were fed for 5 weeks alotted with seaweeds powder addition to experimental diet by 0(control), 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%, respectively, and obtained following results; 1. Seaweeds proved a mid-protein low-energy feed resources with planty of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Sr and Fe. 2. Seaweeds addition by 0.5% and 1.0% improved egg production rate and egg-mass output markedly(p<0.05) than control. Seaweeds addition did not alter cholesterol level of yolk and yolk index, however egg shell thickness showed increasing trend by increasing seaweeds addition level. 3. Protein absorption and digestibility in seaweed addition treatments were significantly higher(p<0.05) than control group and protein contents of excreta in 0.5% and 1.0% treatments were reduced(p<0.05), which suggests effective protein metabolism for egg production. Increasing seaweeds addition reduces Ca and P contents in rectum and excreta, suggesting Ca and P utilization improvement in laying hens and lessening soil pollution. 4. In conclusion, seaweeds addition in layers' diet by 1.0% level improves egg-mass production and might be egg quality by increasing metabolism of protein, calcium and phosphorus.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-54
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• 2019

The groundwater quality through livestock excreta survey based on "Act of the management and use of livestock excreta" was investigated by selecting sampling sites within 1 km of the farmland without considering hydrogeological units. However, these sites can be affected by various pollution sources such as chemical fertilizers and livestock excretions. Additionally, the effects of pollution sources on groundwater quality in the sites cannot be clearly distinguished from naturally occurring backgrounds. In this study, a method was developed to select the sampling sites for groundwater quality through livestock excreta survey in order to understand the effects of pollution sources especially livestock excreta. First, the concentrations of nitrate within the radius of 200 m, 300 m, 500 m and 750 m, respectively, from the farms regarded as pollution sources in hydrogeological units were compared in 2016-2017. All the nitrate concentrations at 200 - 500 m from the farms exceeded a background concentration, 13.3 mg/L. Those at 750 m and the background concentrations measured by the Ministry of Environment were comparable. Therefore, the appropriate radius was suggested as 500 m for livestock excretions survey. In this study, the areas within 500 m from the farms could be considered under the influence of livestock excretions, while those beyond 500 from the pollution sources as background in hydrogeological units. The developed method was validated by applying it to the sites selected based on both administrative divisions and watersheds for livestock excretion survey. The average densities for the developed method were 0.82 and 0.39 points/km2, respectively, which were considered as appropriate levels according to those of the European Environmental Agency.